eăƚŝžŷăů žžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ wƌžƚžđžů͗ /ŷƚƌžěƶđŝŷő /ŷƚğƌŵğěŝăƌlj ^đśğŵğ h>’z/ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ͕ ͞ ŷăďůŝŷő ŝŷđůƶɛŝžŷ ăŷě ăđđğɛɛ ƚž ũƶɛƚŝđğ ĩžƌ ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ŝŷƚğůůğđƚƶăů ăŷě ɖɛljđśžɛžđŝăů ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͟ dśŝɛ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ŝɛ ƚž ěğɛđƌŝďğ ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ žĩ ɛğƚƚŝŷő ƶɖ ăŷě ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ă đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ĩăđŝůŝƚăƚžƌ ;ŝŷƚğƌŵğěŝăƌljϳ ɛđśğŵğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ăɛ ďğŝŷő ƚśğ žƶƚđžŵğ žĩ ă đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ďğƚǁğğŷ ǀăƌŝžƶɛ ăđƚžƌɛ ŝŷ ƚśğ ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚlj ƌŝőśƚɛ ĩŝğůě ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśğ h đžͳĩƶŷěğě ɖƌžũğđƚ ͞ e> ͳ ŷăďůŝŷő ŝŷđůƶɛŝžŷ ăŷě ăđđğɛɛ ƚž ũƶɛƚŝđğ ĩžƌ ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ŝŷƚğůůğđƚƶăů ăŷě ɖɛljđśžɛžđŝăů ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͟ ; e> ʹ ϭϭϭϭϱϲϳϭϭ ͳ :h^dͳϯϭϯϭͳ:ϳ͘ ăđŭőƌžƶŷě͗ /ŷ ϯϭϯϭͳϯϭϯϭ ăŷ ğdžƚğŷɛŝǀğ ƌğɛğăƌđś ǁăɛ đžŷěƶđƚğě ďlj ƚśğ ɛăŵğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ƚğăŵ žŷ ƚśğ ƌŝőśƚɛ žĩ ǀŝđƚŝŵɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ăŷžƚśğƌ h đžͳĩƶŷěğě ɖƌžũğđƚ ͞sžŝđğɛ ĩžƌ :ƶɛƚŝđğ͗ sŝđƚŝŵɛ žĩ ƌŝŵğ ǁŝƚś ŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͟ ;:h^dͳ’ͳϯϭϭϵ ͬ :h^dͳ:ͳ’ͳϯϭϭϵͳθϳθϲϭϰϳ͘ dśğ ĩŝŷěŝŷőɛ ăŷě ƌğđžŵŵğŷěăƚŝžŷɛ ŵăěğ žƶƚ žĩ ŝƚ ǁğƌğ ĩžđƶɛğě žŷ ƚśğ őăɖɛ ŝŷ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ăŷě ŷğğě žĩ ɛƶɖɖžƌƚŝŷő ɛɖğđŝăůŝɛƚ ƚž ǀăůŝěăƚğ ƚśğ ɖžɛɛŝďŝůŝƚlj ĩžƌ ğĩĩğđƚŝǀğ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ŝŷ ƚśğ ĩŝƌɛƚ ɖůăđğ͘ >ăƚğƌ žŷ͕ ďlj ƌăŝɛŝŷő ăǁăƌğŷğɛɛ ĩžƌ ƚśğ ŷğğě žĩ ɛƶđś ɛɖğđŝăůŝɛƚ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͕ ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů &ăŝƌ đđğɛɛ ƚž :ƶɛƚŝđğ ,h ɛƶɖɖžƌƚğě ƚśğ ěğůŝǀğƌlj žĩ ƚƌăŝŷŝŷő ĩžƌ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ĩăđŝůŝƚăƚžƌɛ ;&ɛϳ͘ /ŷ ϯϭϯϯ͕ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśŝɛ ĩƶŷěŝŷő ĩŝǀğ ɛɖğğđś ăŷě ůăŷőƶăőğ ƚśğƌăɖŝɛƚɛ ĩƌžŵ ƶůőăƌŝă ǁğƌğ ƚƌăŝŷğě ĩžƌ ƚśğ ƌžůğ žĩ &ɛ ďlj ă đğƌƚŝĩŝğě ũƶɛƚŝđğ ŝŷƚğƌŵğěŝăƌlj ĩƌžŵ ŷőůăŷě͘ dśğlj ǁğƌğ ƚƌăŝŷğě ƚž ĩăđŝůŝƚăƚğ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ŝŷ ƚƌŝăů ăŷě ɖƌğͳƚƌŝăů đƌŝŵŝŷăů ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɖƌžđğğěŝŷőɛ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͘ ežǁ͕ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśğ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ͕ ăŷžƚśğƌ ƌğɛğăƌđś ǁăɛ đžŷěƶđƚğě ăŷě ă ďƌŝğĩŝŷő ƌğɖžƌƚ ěğůŝǀğƌğě ǁśŝđś žŷůlj đžŷĩŝƌŵğě ƚśğ :h^d đžŷđůƶɛŝžŷɛ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ůăđŭ žĩ ğĩĩğđƚŝǀğ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ŝŷ đƌŝŵŝŷăů ũƶɛƚŝđğ͘ dśŝɛ ƚŝŵğ ăďžƶƚ ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ dśƶɛ͕ ƚśğ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ ďğđăŵğ ă ɖůăƚĩžƌŵ ƚž ğůăďžƌăƚğ žŷ ƚśğ ǁžƌŭ ěžŷğ ǁŝƚś ƌğőăƌě ƚž đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ĩăđŝůŝƚăƚŝžŷ ŝŷ đƌŝŵŝŷăů ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɖƌžđğğěŝŷőɛ͕ ăůžŷő ǁŝƚś žƚśğƌ ŭŝŷěɛ žĩ ɖƌžđğěƶƌăů ăđđžŵŵžěăƚŝžŷɛ͘ tŝƚś &ɛ ďğŝŷő ğŷƚŝƌğůlj ŷğǁ ƚž ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɛljɛƚğŵ ăŷě ǁŝƚś ŷž ůğőŝɛůăƚŝžŷ ǁśăƚɛžğǀğƌ͕ ğdžɖğƌƚŝɛğ žĩ ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăůɛ žĩ ěŝĩĩğƌğŷƚ ďăđŭőƌžƶŷě ǁăɛ śŝőśůlj ƌğƌƶŝƌğě ʹ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăůůlj͕ žĩ ɛɖğđŝăůŝɛƚɛ ǁśž śăě ƚśğ ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ & ƌžůğ ŝŷ ƚśğŝƌ ɛljɛƚğŵɛ͕ ăŷě ůžđăůůlj͕ žĩ ğdžɖğƌƚɛ ďžƚś ĩƌžŵ ƚśğ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ăŷě ŷžŷͳũƶɛƚŝđğ ĩŝğůě͕ ŝŷđůƶěŝŷő ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ ğůžǁ ƚśŝɛ ɖƌžƚžđžů ěğɛđƌŝďğɛ ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ žĩ ɛƶđś đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ăŷě ŝƚɛ ƌğɛƶůƚɛ͘ 7klv wudlqlqj lv frixqghg e wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq 9lhzv dqg rslqlrqv h[suhvvhg duh krzhyhu wkrvh ri wkh dxwkru v rqo dqg gr qrw qhfhvvdulo uhiohfw wkrvh ri wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq ru wkh (xurshdq &rpplvvlrq 1hlwkhu wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq qru wkh judqwlqj dxwkrulw fdq eh khog uhvsrqvleoh iru wkhp ϯ ^đžɖğ žĩ đžžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ͗ ƌğăƚŝŷő ă ɛğƚ žĩ ƌƶůğɛ͕ ɖƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ ăŷě ŝŷɛƚƌƶŵğŷƚɛ ĩžƌ ŝŷƚƌžěƶđŝŷő ƚśğ ŷğǁ ƌžůğ žĩ & ŝŷ ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ đƌŝŵŝŷăů ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ͘ ‘žăů͗ ɛƚăďůŝɛśŝŷő ă ɛƶɛƚăŝŷăďůğ ŵžěğů žĩ ƚśğ & ɛğƌǀŝđğ ǁśŝđś ŵăŝŷƚăŝŷɛ đžŵɖůŝăŷđğ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ he žŷǀğŷƚŝžŷ žŷ ƚśğ zŝőśƚɛ žĩ wğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ wăƌƚŝđŝɖăŷƚɛ͗ &ŝǀğ ɛɖğğđś ăŷě ůăŷőƶăőğ ƚśğƌăɖŝɛƚɛ ĩƌžŵ ƶůőăƌŝă͖ ƚśƌğğ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ĩƌžŵ <ğƌă &žƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͕ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ͗ ƚǁž đğƌƚŝĩŝğě &ɛ ĩƌžŵ ŷőůăŷě ăŷě eğǁ ğăůăŷě͕ žŷğ ěŝƌğđƚžƌ žĩ ă &ɛ ɖƌžőƌăŵ ŝŷ dğdžŝđž͖ ƚǁž ůžđăů ũƶěőğɛ͖ ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ dğđśăŷŝɛŵ͗ dśğ ɖăƌƚŝđŝɖăŷƚɛ ǁžƌŭğě žŷ ƚśğ ƚăɛŭ ĩžƌ ăďžƶƚ žŷğ ljğăƌ͕ ĩƌžŵ dălj ϯϭϯϯ ƚž dălj ϯϭϯϰ͘ dśğlj őƌžƶɖğě ěŝĩĩğƌğŷƚůlj ƚśƌžƶőśžƶƚ ƚśŝɛ ɖğƌŝžě͕ ŵžɛƚůlj žŷůŝŷğ ŝŷ ǁžƌŭŝŷő őƌžƶɖɛ ăŷě ŝŷěŝǀŝěƶăů đžŷɛƶůƚăƚŝžŷɛ͘ ^žŵğ žŷůlj ƌğǀŝğǁğě ƚśğ ǁƌŝƚƚğŷ đžŷƚğŷƚ đƌğăƚğě ŝŷ ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ ăŷě ůğĩƚ đžŵŵğŷƚɛ͘ ğɛđƌŝɖƚŝžŷ žĩ ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ͗ &ŝƌɛƚ͕ ă ƌğɛğăƌđś ǁăɛ đăƌƌŝğě žƶƚ žŷ ğdžŝɛƚŝŷő & ;ŝŷƚğƌŵğěŝăƌljϳ ɛđśğŵğɛ ăƌžƶŷě ƚśğ ǁžƌůě͕ ŝŷđůƶěŝŷő ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ăďžƶƚ ăɖɖůŝđăďůğ ůğőŝɛůăƚŝžŷ ăŷě ƚśğ žƶƚđžŵğɛ žĩ ŝƚɛ ɖƌăđƚŝđăů ŝŵɖůğŵğŷƚăƚŝžŷ͕ ůğăƌŷŝŷő ĩƌžŵ ďžƚś ŷğőăƚŝǀğ ăŷě ɖžɛŝƚŝǀğ ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğɛ͘ dśğŷ ɛğƌŝğɛ žĩ ǁžƌŭŝŷő őƌžƶɖɛ ăŷě đžŷɛƶůƚăƚŝžŷɛ ďğƚǁğğŷ ƚśğ ɖăƌƚŝđŝɖăŷƚɛ ǁğƌğ śğůě ŝŷ žƌěğƌ ƚž ŝěğŷƚŝĩlj ǁśăƚ ĩƌžŵ ƚśğ žƚśğƌ đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ͛ ŵžěğůɛ ǁžƶůě ǁžƌŭ ďğɛƚ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ đžŷƚğdžƚ ăŷě ɛƚŝůů ďğ đžŵɖăƚŝďůğ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ ůžđăů ůğőăů ɛljɛƚğŵ͘ /ŷ ƚśğ ǀğƌlj ďğőŝŷŷŝŷő͕ ƚśğ őƌžƶɖ žĩ ŷğǁůlj ƚƌăŝŷğě &ɛ͕ ƚśğ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ăŷě ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ śăě ɖƌğůŝŵŝŷăƌlj ěŝɛđƶɛɛŝžŷɛ ƚž žƶƚůŝŷğ ƚśğ ĩƶŷěăŵğŷƚăů ěŝƌğđƚžƌŝğɛ ĩžƌ ɛğƚƚŝŷő ƶɖ ƚśğ & ɛđśğŵğ͗ ăϳ ɛğƚ ƶɖ ƚśğ ɛđžɖğ ăŷě ɖƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ žĩ ǁžƌŭ žĩ ƚśğ &ɛ͖ ďϳ ěğĩŝŷğ ƚśğ ŷğǁ ƌžůğ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ůğőăů ɛljɛƚğŵ ăŷě ăƚƚăđś ůğőăů őƌžƶŷěŝŷő ƚž ŝƚ͖ đϳ đƌğăƚğ őƶŝěğůŝŷğɛ ăŷě ƚžžůɛ ĩžƌ ƚśğ ŷğǁ ƌžůğ ƚž ďğ ɖƶƚ ŝŷƚž ɖƌăđƚŝđğ͖ ěϳ đƌğăƚğ ă ɛƶɛƚăŝŷăďůğ ɛžƶƌđğ žĩ ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ăďžƶƚ &ɛ ăŷě ƚśğŝƌ ǁžƌŭ͕ ƚžőğƚśğƌ ǁŝƚś ă ƌğĩğƌƌăů ɛljɛƚğŵ ğϳ ƚăƌőğƚ ɛƚăŭğśžůěğƌɛ ăŷě ɛƚƌăƚğőŝnjğ ăƌžƶŷě ă đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ đăŵɖăŝőŷ͘ dśğ őƌžƶɖ ƚśğŷ ğůăďžƌăƚğě žŷ ğăđś žĩ ƚśğ ăďžǀğ ăŷě ɛƚăƌƚğě đƌğăƚŝŷő ƌğůğǀăŷƚ đžŷƚğŷƚ ǁśŝůğ ŭğğɖŝŷő ăđđžƶŷƚ ĩžƌ ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌƌğůăƚŝžŷɛ ďğƚǁğğŷ ăůů͗ /͘ ďžƶƚ ƚśğ & ƌžůğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăůůlj͗ ϭϳ ůğăƌ ěğɛđƌŝɖƚŝžŷ žĩ ǁśăƚ &ɛ ăđƚƶăůůlj ěž ʹ kŷđğ ƚƌăŝŷğě͕ ƚśğ &ɛ ğdžɖůăŝŷğě ăŷě ěğɛđƌŝďğě ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ ăŷě ɛɖğđŝĩŝđ ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăů ŝŷɛƚƌƶŵğŷƚɛ ǁśŝđś ƚśğ ɛğƌǀŝđğ ŝŷ ɛƶďɛƚăŷđğ ǁŝůů žɖğƌăƚğ ǁŝƚś͘ ϯϳ wƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ ăŷě ğƚśŝđɛ ʹ ,ăǀŝŷő ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ɛśăƌğě ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ĩƌžŵ ƚśğŝƌ ɛljɛƚğŵɛ͕ ƚśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ɖƶƚ ƶɖ ă ůŝɛƚ žĩ ɖƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ ǁśŝđś ăƌğ ŷğğěğě ĩžƌ ƚśğ & ɛđśğŵğ ƚž ďğ ɛƶɛƚăŝŷăďůğ͕ ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăůůlj žɖğƌăƚğě ăŷě ŝŷ ůŝŷğ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ zw͕ őŝǀğŷ ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ũƶɛƚŝđğ đžŷƚğdžƚ͘ ϯϳ &ƶŷěŝŷő ʹ dž đƌğăƚğ ă ɛğƌǀŝđğ ǁśŝđś ƌğŵăŝŷɛ ŝŵɖăƌƚŝăů ăŷě ŵğğƚɛ śŝőś ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăů ɛƚăŷěăƌěɛ͕ ĩƶŷěŝŷő ŵƶɛƚ ďğ đžŷɛŝěğƌğě ă ŵăƚƚğƌ žĩ ĩƶŷěăŵğŷƚăů ŝŵɖžƌƚăŷđğ͘ dśğƌğĩžƌğ͕ ǁśŝůğ ůžžŭŝŷő ƶɖ ƚž őžžě ɖƌăđƚŝđğɛ ĩƌžŵ ăďƌžăě͕ ƚśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ěğđŝěğě ƚśăƚ ɖăljŵğŷƚ žĩ ƚśğ & ɛğƌǀŝđğ ŵƶɛƚ ďğ ɛğƚ ĩƌžŵ ƚśğ ǀğƌlj ďğőŝŷŷŝŷő ăɛ ƌğɛɖžŷɛŝďŝůŝƚlj žĩ ƚśğ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɛljɛƚğŵ͕ ɛŝŵŝůăƌ ƚž žƚśğƌ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ğdžɖğƌƚ ƌžůğɛ͘ ϯ ϰϳ wƌŝđŝŷő ʹ wƌŝđŝŷő žĩ ƚśğ ɛğƌǀŝđğ ǁăɛ ăůɛž đăƌğĩƶůůlj đžŷɛƶůƚğě ɛž ăɛ ƚž ďğ ăɛ đůžɛğ ăɛ ɖžɛɛŝďůğ ƚž žƚśğƌ ğdžɖğƌƚ ɛğƌǀŝđğɛ ǁśŝđś ăůƌğăělj ğdžŝɛƚ ŝŷ ƚśğ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɛljɛƚğŵ͕ ăŷě ăƚ ƚśğ ɛăŵğ ƚŝŵğ ďğ ăĩĩžƌěăďůğ ljğƚ ĩăŝƌůlj ƌğǁăƌěğě͘ //͘ wƶƚƚŝŷő ƚśğ ŷğǁ ƌžůğ ŝŷƚž ɖƌăđƚŝđğ ϭϳ /ěğŷƚŝĩljŝŷő ƚśğ ŷğğě ĩžƌ & ʹ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ đƌğăƚğě ă ɛğƚ žĩ ƌƶğɛƚŝžŷɛ ăŷě ďƌŝğĩ őƶŝěğůŝŷğɛ ĩžƌ ƚśğ ůğőăů ăđƚžƌɛ ƚž ďğ ăďůğ ƚž ŝěğŷƚŝĩlj ǁśğŷ ă ɖğƌɛžŷ ŵŝőśƚ śăǀğ ɛɖğđŝĩŝđ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ŷğğěɛ ǁśŝđś ƚž ƌğƌƶŝƌğ ƚśğ ɛƶɖɖžƌƚ žĩ ă &͘ ϯϳ >ğőăů őƌžƶŷěŝŷő ʹ śăǀŝŷő žƚśğƌ đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ͛ ůğőăů ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ƌğɛğăƌđśğě͕ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ɖƶƚ ƶɖ ă ůŝɛƚ žĩ ăɖɖůŝđăďůğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ăŷě ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ůğőŝɛůăƚŝžŷ ƚž śğůɖ ůğőăů ăđƚžƌɛ ăŷě žƚśğƌ ɛśăƌğśžůěğƌɛ ĩğğů đžŷĩŝěğŷƚ ǁśğŷ ƌğƌƶğɛƚŝŷőͬăɖɖžŝŷƚŝŷő ă & ŝŷ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɖƌžđğğěŝŷőɛ͘ ϯϳ ƌğăƚğ ă & ƌğĩğƌƌăů ŵğđśăŷŝɛŵ ʹ ŝŵɖůğŵğŷƚŝŷő őžžě ɖƌăđƚŝđğɛ ĩƌžŵ ŷőůăŷě͕ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ đƌğăƚğě ă ƌğĩğƌƌăů ĩžƌŵ ĩžƌ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ăđƚžƌɛ ǁśž ǁžƶůě ůŝŭğ ƚž ŝŷǀžůǀğ ă & ŝŷ ƚƌŝăů žƌ ɖƌğͳƚƌŝăů ɖƌžđğğěŝŷőɛ͘ dśğ ĩžƌŵ ǁăɛ ŵăěğ ăǀăŝůăďůğ žŷůŝŷğ ;ɛğğ ŵžƌğ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ǁğďɛŝƚğ ďğůžǁϳ͕ ğăɛlj ƚž žɖğƌăƚğ ǁŝƚś ăŷě ƌƶŝđŭ ƚž đžŵɖůğƚğ͘ /ƚ ǁăɛ ěğɛŝőŷğě ƚž őăƚśğƌ ɛśžƌƚ ďƶƚ ɛƶĩĩŝđŝğŷƚ ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ĩžƌ ƚśğ &ɛ ƚž ďğ ăďůğ ƚž ěğđŝěğ ƚž ǁśžŵ ăŵžŷőɛƚ ƚśğŵ ƚž ăɛɛŝőŷ ƚśğ đăɛğ ăŷě ƚž ŵăŭğ ăůů ŷğđğɛɛăƌlj ɖƌğɖăƌăƚŝžŷɛ͘ ///͘ &ƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ǁăɛ đƌğăƚğě ěğɛđƌŝďŝŷő ƚśğ ɖƌžđğɛɛ žĩ ƚƌăŝŷŝŷő͕ ăůů ƌƶůğɛ ăŷě ɖƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ žĩ &ɛ͛ ǁžƌŭ͕ ăɛ ǁğůů ăɛ őƶŝěăŷđğ žŷ śžǁ ăŷě ŝŷ ǁśŝđś đăɛğɛ ƚž ŝŷǀžůǀğ ă &͘ kŷ žŷğ śăŷě͕ ƚśğ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ őăƚśğƌğě ƶɛğĩƶů ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ƚž ɖƌğɛğŷƚ ƚśğ &ɛ ɛđśğŵğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ƚž ăŷljžŷğ ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚğě ğɛɖğđŝăůůlj ũƶɛƚŝđğ ăđƚžƌɛ͘ kŷ ƚśğ žƚśğƌ śăŷě͕ ŝƚ ɛğƌǀğɛ ăɛ ă ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ žĩ ƌƶůğɛ ăŷě ɖƌŝŷđŝɖůğɛ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ &ɛ ǁžƌŭ ŝƚɛğůĩ͘ /s͘ &ğğěďăđŭ ğĩžƌğ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ăŷě őžŝŷő ɖƶďůŝđ͕ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ đžŷɛƶůƚğě ďƌžăěůlj ƚśğ ěƌăĩƚ ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ăŷě ƚǁž ůžđăů ũƶěőğɛ ăŷě ůăǁljğƌɛ͕ ăɛ ǁğůů ăɛ ǁŝƚś ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ s͘ wŝůžƚŝŷő ăŷě ěŝɛɛğŵŝŷăƚŝžŷ dśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ɛƚƌăƚğőŝnjğě ăƌžƶŷě ŵğăŷɛ žĩ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ƚž ɖŝůžƚ ăŷě ŝŷĩžƌŵ ăďžƶƚ & ɛđśğŵğ ɖƶďůŝđůlj͘ ϭϳ /ěğŷƚŝƚlj ăŷě ɖƶďůŝđŝƚlj͗ /ŷ žƌěğƌ ĩžƌ ƚśğ & ɛğƌǀŝđğ ƚž ďğ ƌğđžőŷŝnjăďůğ͕ ůğőŝƚŝŵăƚğ ăŷě ğăɛlj ƚž ƌğăđś͕ ƚśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ͕ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ śğůɖ žĩ ă ůžőž ăŷě ă ǁğďɛŝƚğ ěğɛŝőŷğƌ͕ đƌğăƚğě ă ůžőž žĩ ƚśğ &ɛ đžžɖğƌăƚŝǀğ͕ ăɛ ǁğůů ăɛ ă ǁğďɛŝƚğ ǁŝƚś ăůů ƌğůğǀăŷƚ ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ɛğƌǀŝđğ ăŷě &ɛ ƚğăŵ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͕ ŝŷđůƶěŝŷő ƚśğ ƌğĩğƌƌăů ĩžƌŵ͘ &žƌ ůŝŷŭɛ ɛğğ ɛğđƚŝžŷ ͚ŝƌğđƚžƌlj͛ ďğůžǁ͘ ϯϳ dśğ &ƌăŵğǁžƌŭ žđƶŵğŷƚ ɛğƌǀğɛ ăŵžŷő žƚśğƌ ƚśŝŷőɛ ƚž ɖƌğɛğŷƚ ăŷě ŝŷĩžƌŵ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ & ɛđśğŵğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͘ dśğ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ǁăɛ ăůɛž ƚƌăŷɛůăƚğě ŝŷ ŷőůŝɛś ůăŷőƶăőğ ăŷě ěŝɛƚƌŝďƶƚğě ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăůůlj ĩžƌ žƚśğƌ đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ ƚž ďğ ŝŷĩžƌŵğě ăŷě ƚž ůğăƌŷ ĩƌžŵ ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ͕ ğɛɖğđŝăůůlj ƚśžɛğ ɖůăŷŷŝŷő ƚž ɛğƚ ƶɖ ăŷ & ɛđśğŵğ͘ ϯϳ ŷ ğăɛljͳƚžͳƌğăě ǀğƌɛŝžŷ žĩ ƚśğ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ śăɛ ďğğŷ đƶƌƌğŷƚůlj ɖƌğɖăƌğě ďlj žŷğ žĩ ƚśğ &ɛ ăŷě ŝɛ ƚž ďğ đžŷɛƶůƚğě ĩƶƌƚśğƌ ǁŝƚś ăŷ ğdžɖğƌƚ ďlj ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ;ɖğƌɛžŷ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚljϳ ďğĩžƌğ ɖƶďůŝɛśŝŷő͘ ϰ ϰϳ wŝůžƚŝŷő ğǀğŷƚ ʹ ăŷ žŷůŝŷğ ğǀğŷƚ ƚžžŭ ɖůăđğ ăɛ ă ǁălj žĩ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ƚśğ ɛđśğŵğ ăŷě ɖƶďůŝđůlj ăŷŷžƶŷđğ ƚśğ ğdžŝɛƚğŷđğ žĩ &ɛ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͘ dśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ɖƌğɛğŷƚğě ƚśğ & ɛđśğŵğ ƚśğ ǁălj ŝƚ ŝɛ ěğɛŝőŷğě ƚž žɖğƌăƚğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ǁśŝůğ ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ɛśăƌğě ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ & ŵžěğů ŝŷ ƚśğŝƌ đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ͘ ϱϳ žŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ đăŵɖăŝőŷ ʹ dž ɛɖƌğăě ƚśğ ǁžƌě ĩƶƌƚśğƌ ă ƌğđžƌěŝŷő žĩ ƚśğ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ğǀğŷƚ ǁăɛ ƶɖůžăěğě žŷůŝŷğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ͕ ^ɖăŷŝɛś ăŷě ŷőůŝɛś ůăŷőƶăőğ ăŷě ěŝɛƚƌŝďƶƚğě ăŵžŷő ůžđăů ăŷě ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɛśăƌğśžůěğƌɛ͘ &žƌ ůŝŷŭɛ ɛğğ ɛğđƚŝžŷ ͚ŝƌğđƚžƌlj͛ ďğůžǁ͘ ěěŝƚŝžŷăůůlj͕ ƚśğ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ đƌğăƚğě ă ůğăĩůğƚ ĩžƌ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ăđƚžƌɛ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ ŵžɛƚ ŝŵɖžƌƚăŷƚ ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ăďžƶƚ & ăŷě śžǁ ƚž ŵăŭğ ă ƌğĩğƌƌăů͘ ŷ ğăɛljͳƚžͳƌğăě ůğăĩůğƚ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ & ɛđśğŵğ ŝɛ ăůɛž ƚž ďğ ɖƌğɖăƌğě ăŷě ŵăŭğ ăǀăŝůăďůğ ƚž ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ğɛɖğđŝăůůlj ƚśžɛğ ŝŷ đžŷƚăđƚ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɛljɛƚğŵ͘ kƚśğƌ ƚśăŷ ƚśăƚ͕ &ɛ ǁğƌğ ăůƌğăělj ă ɖăƌƚ žĩ ƚśğ ăőğŷěă žĩ ƚśğ ɛğƌŝğɛ žĩ ǁžƌŭŝŷő őƌžƶɖɛ ăŷě ƚƌăŝŷŝŷőɛ đăƌƌŝğě žƶƚ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśğ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ͘ ǁăƌğŷğɛɛ ƌăŝɛŝŷő ǁŝůů đžŷƚŝŷƶğ ƚśƌžƶőś ƚƌăŝŷŝŷőɛ ăŷě žƚśğƌ ɖƶďůŝđ ğǀğŷƚɛ ŝŷ ƚśğ ĩƶƚƶƌğ͘ ϲϳ dśŝɛ ɖƌžƚžđžů ʹ ďlj ěğɛđƌŝďŝŷő ƚśğ ɛƚğɖͳďljͳɛƚğɖ ɖƌžđğɛɛ ƚśŝɛ ɖƌžƚžđžů ďlj ŝƚɛğůĩ ǁŝůů ăůɛž ɛğƌǀğ ĩžƌ ğdžƚğŷěğě đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ɖƶƌɖžɛğɛ͘ tğ ǁŝůů ěŝɛɛğŵŝŷăƚğ ŝƚ ƚž ɛśăƌğ ƚśğ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ǁŝƚś ŝŷƚğƌŷăƚŝžŷăů ɛśăƌğśžůěğƌɛ ǁśŝđś ɖůăŷ ƚž ŝŷƚƌžěƶđğ ă & ɛđśğŵğ ŝŷ ƚśğŝƌ đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ͘ s/͘ ^ƶɛƚăŝŷăďŝůŝƚlj ůů žĩ ƚśğ ăďžǀğ ěğůŝǀğƌăďůğɛ ǁğƌğ ŵğăŷƚ ĩžƌ ğɛƚăďůŝɛśŝŷő ă ɛƶɛƚăŝŷăďůğ ŵžěğů žĩ ƚśğ & ɛğƌǀŝđğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͘ zğƚ͕ ɛƶɛƚăŝŷăďŝůŝƚlj ƌğƌƶŝƌğɛ ă ěljŷăŵŝđ ăŷě đžŷƚŝŷƶžƶɛ ŵăŝŷƚğŷăŷđğ͘ /ŷ ƚśŝɛ ƌğőăƌě͕ ƚǁž őžăůɛ ǁğƌğ ěğƚğƌŵŝŷğě ăɛ ĩƶŷěăŵğŷƚăů͗ ŭğğɖ ƚśğ ɖƌăđƚŝđğ đžŵɖůŝăŷƚ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ zw ăŷě ăěǀžđăƚğ ĩžƌ ƚśğ & ƌžůğ ƚž ďğ ğdžɖůŝđŝƚůlj ůğőŝɛůăƚğě͘ ϭϳ zw đžŵɖůŝăŷđğ ʹ ƚśğ &ɛ ăŷě ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ăőƌğğě ƚž ƌğőƶůăƌůlj ŵğğƚ ăŷě ěŝɛđƶɛɛ ƚśğ &ɛ͛ ɖƌăđƚŝđğ͕ ăɛ ŝƚ őƌžǁɛ ăŷě ěğǀğůžɖɛ͕ ĩƌžŵ ƚśğ ɖğƌɛɖğđƚŝǀğ žĩ ƚśğ zw͘ dśğŷ ŝĩ ŷğđğɛɛăƌlj͕ ƚž ăŵğŷě ƚśğ ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ăŷě ăěũƶɛƚ ƚśğ ɖƌăđƚŝđğ ŝŷ žƌěğƌ ƚž ɛƚălj đžŵɖůŝăŷƚ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ zw͘ wğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͕ ğɛɖğđŝăůůlj ƚśžɛğ ǁśž ăůƌğăělj ƶɛğě ƚśğ & ɛğƌǀŝđğ ǁŝůů ďğ ŝŷǀŝƚğě ƚž ɛśăƌğ ƚśğŝƌ ůŝǀŝŷő ğdžɖğƌŝğŷđğ ăŷě őŝǀğ ƌğđžŵŵğŷěăƚŝžŷɛ͘ ϯϳ eğǁ ůğőŝɛůăƚŝžŷ ʹ ƚśğ ğdžƚğŷɛŝǀğ ǁžƌŭ ěžŷğ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśŝɛ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ǁăɛ ğdžɖğđƚğě͕ ăŵžŷő žƚśğƌ őžăůɛ͕ ƚž ƚƌŝőőğƌ ŷăƚŝžŷăů ƌğůğǀăŷƚ ƌğĩžƌŵɛ͘ ^ž ŝƚ ěŝě͕ ƌăƚśğƌ ŷăƚƶƌăůůlj͘ tśŝůğ ƌăŝɛŝŷő ăǁăƌğŷğɛɛ ăďžƶƚ &ɛ͕ ƚśğ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ăŷě &ɛ ǁğƌğ ŝŷǀŝƚğě ďlj ƚśğ dŝŷŝɛƚƌlj žĩ :ƶɛƚŝđğ ƚž ƚăŭğ ɖăƌƚ ŝŷ ă ǁžƌŭŝŷő őƌžƶɖ ǁśŝđś ƚž ěƌăĩƚ ăŷě ɖƌžɖžɛğ ƚž ƚśğ wăƌůŝăŵğŷƚ ŷğǁ ɖŝğđğɛ žĩ ůğőŝɛůăƚŝžŷ ăŷěͬžƌ ăŵğŷěŵğŷƚɛ ŝŵɖƌžǀŝŷő ăđđğɛɛ ƚž ũƶɛƚŝđğ žĩ ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ dśğ ůžđăů ůăǁljğƌɛ ăůƌğăělj ɛƶďŵŝƚƚğě ɛğǀğƌăů ɖƌžɖžɛăůɛ ăŵžŷőɛƚ ǁśŝđś ǁğƌğ ɖƌžǀŝɛŝžŷɛ ƌğőƶůăƚŝŷő ƚśğ & ƌžůğ͘ dśğ ǁžƌŭ žĩ ƚśğ őƌžƶɖ ŝɛ ɛƚŝůů ŝŷ ɖƌžőƌğɛɛ͘ zğɛƶůƚɛ͗ dśƌžƶőś ƚśğ ǁžƌŭŝŷő őƌžƶɖɛ ăŷě ƚƌăŝŷŝŷőɛ͕ ăŷě ğdžƚğŷɛŝǀğ ƌğɛğăƌđś͕ ƚśğ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ đƌğăƚğě žɖɖžƌƚƶŷŝƚŝğɛ ĩžƌ ĩŝŷěŝŷő ůŝŭğͳŵŝŷěğě ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăůɛ ăŷě śăě ă ɖƌžůžŷőğě ŵƶůƚŝͳ ěŝɛđŝɖůŝŷăƌlj đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ͘ dśŝɛ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ƌğɛƶůƚğě ŝŷ đƌğăƚŝŷő ă ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ žĩ ƌƶůğɛ͕ ƌğɛžƶƌđğɛ ăŷě žƚśğƌ đžŷƚğŷƚ ŷğğěğě ĩžƌ ɛğƚƚŝŷő ƶɖ ăŷě ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ƚśğ ƌžůğ žĩ & ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ʹ ă ǁśžůğ ŷğǁ ɛğƌǀŝđğ ǁśŝđś ăěǀăŷđğɛ ăđđğɛɛ ƚž ũƶɛƚŝđğ žĩ ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͕ ŝŷđůƶěŝŷő ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ϱ ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͘ tŝƚś ƚśğ eăƚŝžŷăů ğŷđś žžŭ ăŷě ăůů͕ ŝƚ ăůɛž śğůɖğě ƌăŝɛğ ăǁăƌğŷğɛɛ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ɖƌžďůğŵɛ ŝŷ đžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ɖğƌɛžŷɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ăŷě ůăđŭ žĩ ɖƌžđğěƶƌăů ăđđžŵŵžěăƚŝžŷɛ ŝŷ đƌŝŵŝŷăů ũƶɛƚŝđğ ɖƌžđğğěŝŷőɛ͘ dśŝɛ ğůğǀăƚğě ƚśğ ěŝăůžőƶğ ăŵžŷőɛƚ ɖƌžĩğɛɛŝžŷăůɛ žŷ ƚśğ ŷğğě žĩ ůğőŝɛůăƚŝǀğ ăŵğŷěŵğŷƚɛ ŝŷ ƚśŝɛ ƌğőăƌě͘ ŝƌğđƚžƌlj͗ tğďɛŝƚğ žĩ ƚśğ &ɛ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬđžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷͳĩăđŝůŝƚăƚžƌɛ͘ďőͬ >ŝŷŭ ƚž ƚśğ ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ěžđƶŵğŷƚ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ & ƌžůğ͕ ƚśğ ǁălj ŝƚ ŝɛ ěğɛŝőŷğě ƚž žɖğƌăƚğ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬđžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷͳĩăđŝůŝƚăƚžƌɛ͘ďőͬǁśăƚͳŝɛͳđĩͬ ;ŝŷ ŷőůŝɛś ůăŷőƶăőğϳ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬđžŵŵƶŷŝđăƚŝžŷͳĩăđŝůŝƚăƚžƌɛ͘ďőͬŭăŭǀžͳğͳŭɖͬ ;ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ůăŷőƶăőğϳ zğđžƌěŝŷő žĩ ƚśğ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ğǀğŷƚ ŝŷ ŷőůŝɛś ůăŷőƶăőğ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬljžƶƚƶ͘ďğͬ<ƌ:ƌ ăz ŭϭ zğđžƌěŝŷő žĩ ƚśğ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ğǀğŷƚ ŝŷ ^ɖăŷŝɛś ůăŷőƶăőğ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬljžƶƚƶ͘ďğͬdnjƌz&đžϱϱh zğđžƌěŝŷő žĩ ƚśğ ɖŝůžƚŝŷő ğǀğŷƚ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ůăŷőƶăőğ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ljžƶƚƶďğ͘đžŵͬǁăƚđś͍ǀсěŭdǀĩdƌď'wz ěěŝƚŝžŷăůůlj͕ ljžƶ ŵălj ĩŝŷě ƚśğ eăƚŝžŷăů ƌŝğĩŝŷő wăɖğƌ žŷ ƚśğ ďăƌƌŝğƌɛ ĩăđğě ďlj ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ăƚ͗ ;ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ ǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳ đžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϯͬϭϳͬ&/e>ͺ< zͺϯϭϯϯͺϭϲͺϭϵͺeăƚŝžŷăůͳďƌŝğĩŝŷőͳɖăɖğƌͺƶůőăƌŝăͺ'͘ɖěĩ ăŷě ŷőůŝɛś ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳ đžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϯͬϭϳͬ&/e>ͺ< zͺϯϭϯϯͺϭϲͺϭϯͺeăƚŝžŷăůͳďƌŝğĩŝŷőͳ ɖăɖğƌͺƶůőăƌŝăͺ e'͘ɖěĩϳ͕ ăŷě ŝƚɛ ğăɛljͳƚžͳƌğăě ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ ;ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳ đžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϰͬϭϯͬϯϭϯϰͺϭϯͺϭθͺ e> ͺőͺ dzͺƶůőăƌŝă͘ɖěĩ ăŷě ŷőůŝɛś ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳ đžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϰͬϭϯͬϯϭϯϰͺϭϯͺϭθͺ e> ͺ ŷőͺ dzͺƶůőăƌŝă͘ɖěĩϳ ăŷě ƚśğ eăƚŝžŷăů ğŷđś žžŭ ăďžƶƚ ɖƌžđğěƶƌăů ăđđžŵŵžěăƚŝžŷɛ ăŷě őžžě ɖƌăđƚŝđğɛ ŝŷ ƶůőăƌŝă ăƚ͗ ;ƶůőăƌŝăŷ ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳ đžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϰͬϭθͬh>’z/ͳed/ke>ͳ e,kk<ͳ'ͳ&ŝŷăů͘ɖěĩ ăŷě ŷőůŝɛś ǀğƌɛŝžŷ͗ śƚƚɖɛ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŭğƌăĩžƶŷěăƚŝžŷ͘đžŵͬǁɖͳđžŷƚğŷƚͬƶɖůžăěɛͬϯϭϯϰͬϭθͬh>‘z/ͳed/ke>ͳ e,kk<ͳ eͳ&ŝŷăů͘ɖěĩϳ͕ ăŷě ŝƚɛ ğăɛljͳƚžͳƌğăě ǀğƌɛŝžŷ ɛžžŷ ƚž ďğ ƶɖůžăěğě ăƚ ƚśğ ɛăŵğ ǁğďɛŝƚğ͘zğɖžƌƚ͗ ^ƶŵŵăƌlj žĩ ƚśğ eăƚŝžŷăů žžƌěŝŷăƚŝžŷ wƌžƚžđžů ĩžƌ ƚśğ &žƌƶŵ ĩžƌ ,ƶŵăŷ zŝőśƚɛ͕ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ ͞ ŷăďůŝŷő ŝŷđůƶɛŝžŷ ăŷě ăđđğɛɛ ƚž ũƶɛƚŝđğ ĩžƌ ěğĩğŷěăŷƚɛ ǁŝƚś ŝŷƚğůůğđƚƶăů ăŷě ɖɛljđśžɛžđŝăů ěŝɛăďŝůŝƚŝğɛ͟ ; e> ͳ ϭϭϭϭϱϲϳϭϭ ͳ :h^dͳϯϭϯϭͳ:ϳ /ŷƚƌžěƶđƚŝžŷ dśğ &žƌƶŵ ĩžƌ ,ƶŵăŷ zŝőśƚɛ ƌğđğŷƚůlj đžŷđůƶěğě ğĩĩžƌƚɛ ƚž ğŷśăŷđğ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ŭğlj ɛƚăŭğśžůěğƌɛ ŝŷ ƚśğ njğđś zğɖƶďůŝđ ƚśƌžƶőś ă eăƚŝžŷăů žžƌěŝŷăƚŝžŷ wƌžƚžđžů ;wƌžƚžŭžů ž ǀnjąũğŵŷġ ɛɖžůƶɖƌąđŝϳ ƚž đžŷƚŝŷƶğ ƚśğ đžžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ ƚśğ &žƌƶŵ ɛƚăƌƚğě žƌ ěğğɖğŷğě ŝŷ ƚśğ e> ɖƌžũğđƚ͘ dśŝɛ ŝŷŝƚŝăƚŝǀğ ăŝŵğě ƚž ğɛƚăďůŝɛś ă ɛƚƌƶđƚƶƌğě ĩƌăŵğǁžƌŭ ĩžƌ đžžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ǀăƌŝžƶɛ ŷăƚŝžŷăů ğŷƚŝƚŝğɛ͕ ŝŷđůƶěŝŷő őžǀğƌŷŵğŷƚăů ďžěŝğɛ͕ ůğőăů žƌőăŷŝnjăƚŝžŷɛ͕ ăŷě śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ žĩĩŝđğɛ͘ dśğ ĩžůůžǁŝŷő ƌğɖžƌƚ ɛƶŵŵăƌŝnjğɛ ƚśğ ŭğlj ğůğŵğŷƚɛ žĩ ƚśğ ɖƌžƚžđžů ăŷě ƚśğ žƶƚđžŵğɛ žĩ žƶƌ žƶƚƌğăđś͘ <ğlj žŷƚăđƚɛ ăŷě ŷőăőğŵğŷƚ kƶƚđžŵğɛ ϭ͘ wƌž žŷž ůŝăŷđğ͗ dśŝɛ žƌőăŷŝnjăƚŝžŷ ğdžɖƌğɛɛğě ă ɛƚƌžŷő ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚ ŝŷ ěğğɖğŷŝŷő ŝƚɛ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ ǁŝƚś ƚśğ &žƌƶŵ͘ dśğlj ƌğđžőŷŝnjğě ƚśğ ɖžƚğŷƚŝăů ďğŷğĩŝƚɛ žĩ ŵƶƚƶăů ůğőăů ɛƶɖɖžƌƚ ăŷě ăěǀžđăđlj ŝŷ ƚśğ ăƌğă žĩ śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ͘ ůƚśžƶőś ƚśğlj ǁğƌğ ğŷƚśƶɛŝăɛƚŝđ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ɖƌžɖžɛğě đžžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ͕ ƚśğlj ɖƌğĩğƌƌğě ƚž đžŷƚŝŷƶğ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝŷő žŷ ăŷ ŝŷĩžƌŵăů ďăɛŝɛ ƌăƚśğƌ ƚśăŷ ɛŝőŷŝŷő ƚśğ ŵğŵžƌăŷěƶŵ žĩĩŝđŝăůůlj͘ ϯ͘ jǝăě ǀůąělj ;'žǀğƌŷŵğŷƚ kĩĩŝđğϳ͗ dśğ 'žǀğƌŷŵğŷƚ kĩĩŝđğ ăđŭŷžǁůğěőğě ƚśğ ǀăůƶğ žĩ ƚśğ ɖƌžɖžɛğě ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛśŝɖ͕ ɖăƌƚŝđƶůăƌůlj ŝŷ ƚğƌŵɛ žĩ ŝŷƚğőƌăƚŝŷő śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ đžŷɛŝěğƌăƚŝžŷɛ ŝŷƚž ůğőŝɛůăƚŝǀğ ɖƌžđğɛɛğɛ͘ dśğlj ǁğƌğ žɖğŷ ƚž žŷőžŝŷő đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ͕ ğɛɖğđŝăůůlj ŝŷ ɛśăƌŝŷő ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ ăŷě ƌğɛžƶƌđğɛ͕ ďƶƚ žɖƚğě ŷžƚ ƚž ĩžƌŵăůŝnjğ ƚśŝɛ ƌğůăƚŝžŷɛśŝɖ ƚśƌžƶőś ă ɛŝőŷğě ăőƌğğŵğŷƚ͘ ϯ͘ ğɛŭą ăěǀžŭąƚŷş ŭžŵžƌă ;njğđś ăƌ ɛɛžđŝăƚŝžŷ͕ <ϳ͗ dśğ < ɛśžǁğě ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚ ŝŷ ƚśğ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝǀğ žɖɖžƌƚƶŷŝƚŝğɛ ɖƌğɛğŷƚğě ŝŷ ƚśğ ɖƌžƚžđžů͕ ɖăƌƚŝđƶůăƌůlj ŝŷ ƚśğ ăƌğăɛ žĩ ůğőăů đžŷɛƶůƚăƚŝžŷ ăŷě ƚśğ ɖƌžŵžƚŝžŷ žĩ śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ ɛƚăŷěăƌěɛ ǁŝƚśŝŷ ƚśğ ůğőăů đžŵŵƶŷŝƚlj͘ ,žǁğǀğƌ͕ ůŝŭğ ƚśğ žƚśğƌ ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ͕ ƚśğlj đśžɛğ ƚž ğŷőăőğ ŝŷĩžƌŵăůůlj͕ ǁŝƚśžƶƚ ɛŝőŷŝŷő ƚśğ ŵğŵžƌăŷěƶŵ͘ <ğlj ůğŵğŷƚɛ žĩ ƚśğ dğŵžƌăŷěƶŵ žĩ žžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ dśğ ĩžůůžǁŝŷő ɖžŝŷƚɛ ǁğƌğ ŝŷđůƶěğě ŝŷ ƚśğ ɖƌžɖžɛğě ŵğŵžƌăŷěƶŵ ăŷě ěŝɛđƶɛɛğě ǁŝƚś ɖžƚğŷƚŝăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ͗ ϭ͘ wƌžŵžƚŝžŷ žĩ ǀğŷƚɛ͗ dśğ ɖƌžƚžđžů ğŷǀŝɛŝžŷğě ƌğđŝɖƌžđăů ɖƌžŵžƚŝžŷ žĩ śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛͳƌğůăƚğě ğǀğŷƚɛ ăŷě ăđƚŝǀŝƚŝğɛ͘ wăƌƚŷğƌɛ ăőƌğğě žŷ ƚśğ ďğŷğĩŝƚɛ žĩ ƚśŝɛ ăɖɖƌžăđś ăŷě ǁğƌğ ǁŝůůŝŷő ƚž ğŷőăőğ ŝŷ ŵƶƚƶăů ɖƌžŵžƚŝžŷ͘ ϯ͘ >ğőăů džɖğƌƚŝɛğ͗ dśğ &žƌƶŵ žĩĩğƌğě ƚž ɖƌžǀŝěğ ůğőăů ğdžɖğƌƚŝɛğ ăŷě đžŷɛƶůƚăƚŝžŷɛ žŷ ɖƌžũğđƚɛ ăŷě ŝŷŝƚŝăƚŝǀğɛ ƌğůăƚğě ƚž śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ͘ wăƌƚŷğƌɛ ǁğƌğ ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚğě ŝŷ ƚśŝɛ ɛƶɖɖžƌƚ ăŷě ăőƌğğě ƚž đžŷɛƶůƚ ƚśğ &žƌƶŵ ăɛ ŷğğěğě͘ ϯ͘ ^śăƌŝŷő žĩ zğɛžƶƌđğɛ ăŷě /ŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ͗ dśğ ğdžđśăŷőğ žĩ ɛɖğđŝăůŝnjğě ŭŷžǁůğěőğ͕ ŝŷĩžƌŵăƚŝžŷ͕ ăŷě ƌğɛžƶƌđğɛ ǁăɛ ă ŭğlj ɖžŝŷƚ žĩ ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚ ĩžƌ ăůů ɖăƌƚŝğɛ͘ dśğlj ăőƌğğě ƚž đžŷƚŝŷƶğ ɛśăƌŝŷő ƚśğɛğ ƌğɛžƶƌđğɛ͘ ϰ͘ wƶďůŝđăƚŝžŷ žĩ dăƚğƌŝăůɛ͗ dśğ ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ǁğƌğ žɖğŷ ƚž ƚśğ ŝěğă žĩ ŵƶƚƶăůůlj ɖƶďůŝɛśŝŷő ăŷě ěŝɛɛğŵŝŷăƚŝŷő śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛͳƌğůăƚğě ŵăƚğƌŝăůɛ͘ ϱ͘ ěƶđăƚŝžŷăů đƚŝǀŝƚŝğɛ͗ dśğƌğ ǁăɛ ă đžŷɛğŷɛƶɛ žŷ ƚśğ ŝŵɖžƌƚăŷđğ žĩ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝǀğ ğěƶđăƚŝžŷăů ăŷě ăǁăƌğŷğɛɛͳƌăŝɛŝŷő ăđƚŝǀŝƚŝğɛ͘ dśğ ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ğdžɖƌğɛɛğě ă ǁŝůůŝŷőŷğɛɛ ƚž ɛƶɖɖžƌƚ ɛƶđś ŝŷŝƚŝăƚŝǀğɛ͘ ϲ͘ >ŝƚŝőăƚŝžŷ đƚŝǀŝƚŝğɛ͗ :žŝŷƚ ůŝƚŝőăƚŝžŷ ğĩĩžƌƚɛ ǁğƌğ ƌğđžőŷŝnjğě ăɛ ǀăůƶăďůğ ĩžƌ ăěǀžđăƚŝŷő śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ ɛƚăŷěăƌěɛ͘ wăƌƚŷğƌɛ ǁğƌğ ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚğě ŝŷ ɖžƚğŷƚŝăů đžžɖğƌăƚŝžŷ ŝŷ ƚśŝɛ ăƌğă͘ žŷđůƶɛŝžŷ dśğ eăƚŝžŷăů žžƌěŝŷăƚŝžŷ wƌžƚžđžů ŝŷŝƚŝăƚŝǀğ ǁăɛ ɛƶđđğɛɛĩƶů ŝŷ őğŷğƌăƚŝŷő ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚ ăŷě ɛƶɖɖžƌƚ ĩƌžŵ ŭğlj ɛƚăŭğśžůěğƌɛ ŝŷ ƚśğ njğđś zğɖƶďůŝđ͘ tśŝůğ ƚśğ ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛ ǁğƌğ ğŷƚśƶɛŝăɛƚŝđ ăďžƶƚ ƚśğ ɖƌžɖžɛğě ăƌğăɛ žĩ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝžŷ͕ ƚśğlj ƶŷŝĩžƌŵůlj ɖƌğĩğƌƌğě ƚž ğŷőăőğ žŷ ăŷ ŝŷĩžƌŵăů ďăɛŝɛ ǁŝƚśžƶƚ ɛŝőŷŝŷő ƚśğ ŵğŵžƌăŷěƶŵ žĩĩŝđŝăůůlj͘ dśŝɛ žƶƚđžŵğ ƌğĩůğđƚɛ ă đžŵŵžŷ ɖƌğĩğƌğŷđğ ăŵžŷő ƚśğ ɛƚăŭğśžůěğƌɛ ƚž ŵăŝŷƚăŝŷ ĩůğdžŝďŝůŝƚlj ŝŷ ƚśğŝƌ đžůůăďžƌăƚŝǀğ ğĩĩžƌƚɛ ǁśŝůğ ɛƚŝůů ǁžƌŭŝŷő ƚžǁăƌěɛ ɛśăƌğě śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ žďũğđƚŝǀğɛ͘ dśğ &žƌƶŵ ĩžƌ ,ƶŵăŷ zŝőśƚɛ ǁŝůů đžŷƚŝŷƶğ ƚž ďƶŝůě žŷ ƚśğɛğ ŝŷĩžƌŵăů ɖăƌƚŷğƌɛśŝɖɛ͕ ůğǀğƌăőŝŷő ƚśğ ŝŷƚğƌğɛƚ ăŷě ǁŝůůŝŷőŷğɛɛ ğdžɖƌğɛɛğě ďlj ƚśğɛğ žƌőăŷŝnjăƚŝžŷɛ ƚž ăěǀăŷđğ śƶŵăŷ ƌŝőśƚɛ ŝŷŝƚŝăƚŝǀğɛ ăđƌžɛɛ ďžƚś đžƶŷƚƌŝğɛ͘ 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/lverq (pdlo frqwdfwr#svssw _ sur[lplgdgh#svssw $qg ehfdxvh wkh kdyh yroxqwdulo djuhhg wr gr vr wkh 3duwlhv vljq wklv &rpplwphqw lq d wrwdo ri whq sdjhv pdgh lq gxsolfdwh zlwk rqh frs lq wkh srvvhvvlrq ri hdfk ri wkh 3duwlhv 3djh * iurp /lverq $xjxvw % )luvw 3duw 7kh &kdlupdq ri wkh %rdug ri 'luhfwruv ri )hqdfhufl -xolhwd 6dqfkhv 7kh 9lfh&kdlupdq ri wkh %rdug ri 'luhfwruv ri )hqdfhufl -rdtxlp 3htxlfkr 3djh iurp 7kh 6hfrqg 3duw % wkh 3xeolf 6hfxulw 3rolfh 7kh 1dwlrqdo 'luhfwru /xtv 0ljxho 5lehlur &duulokr 6xshulqwhqghqwthis document is co-funded by the european union, but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the european union or the european commission. neither the european union nor the funding authority can be held responsible for them. cooperation protocol between the centre for legal resources (clr) based in bucharest, 19 arcului street, represented by valentina nicolae, as interim executive director, and ceva de spus association based in timisoara, represented by elisabeta moldovan, as co-president, and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” with headquarters in timisoara, aurel popovici street, no. 17, represented by anca menina danci, as executive director, preamble given that the centre for legal resources (clr) actively advocates for the establishment and operation of a legal and institutional framework that safeguards the observance of human rights and equal opportunities and free access to fair justice, recognizing the cooperation between the parties that has evolved through the contributions made to the "national disability benchbook: practical guidelines on making court proceedings more accessible for participants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities" (hereinafter referred to as the "benchbook"), and wishing to deepen this collaboration by disseminating it to relevant stakeholders, in view of the need to ensure fair access to justice and inclusion of suspects and defendants with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities, as well as the objectives set by the project "facilitating inclusion and access to justice for suspects and defendants with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities" (101056701 - enable - just-2021-jacc). clr, ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” decide to establish this cooperation protocol. article 1: purpose of the protocol the purpose of this protocol is to establish the framework of collaboration between the clr and the ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” for the dissemination and promotion of the use of the "benchbook", developed within the enable project, on equal treatment and necessary adaptations for suspects and defendants with this document is co-funded by the european union, but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the european union or the european commission. neither the european union nor the funding authority can be held responsible for them. intellectual and psychosocial disabilities in the criminal justice system. the protocol also aims to disseminate useful materials for people with disabilities, such as easy-to-read brochures on their rights and an educational video on the right to petition in prisons. article 2: obligations of the centre for legal resources 1. the clr will provide the ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” with the benchbook in electronic format, as well as printed brochures in easy-to-read format for people with disabilities about their rights as suspects or defendants. 2. the clr will provide information on the content of the benchbook and how to implement its recommendations. 3. the jclr will develop and make available an easy-to-understand educational video on how to write petitions in prisons for people with disabilities. article 3: obligations of the ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” 1. ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” are committed to disseminate the benchbook, brochures and educational video to their beneficiaries, people with disabilities, and to relevant collaborators and professionals in their networks. 2. ceva de spus association and the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” will provide documentation in the form of photos, screenshots or other relevant materials, attesting the dissemination of the materials to their beneficiaries and collaborators. article 4: duration of the protocol this cooperation protocol shall enter into force on the date of signature by all parties and shall be valid for a period of 1 year, with the possibility of extension by written agreement of all parties. signed today, 13.08.2024, in three copies, one for each party. the centre for legal resources valentina nicolae, interim executive director signature: ______________________ ceva de spus association the rehabilitation foundation “speranta” elisabeta moldovan, co-president anca menina danci, executive director signature: ______________________ signature: ______________________ this document is co-funded by the european union, but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the european union or the european commission. neither the european union nor the funding authority can be held responsible for them.&rixqghg e wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq 9lhzv dqg rslqlrqv h[suhvvhg duh krzhyhu wkrvh ri wkh dxwkru v rqo dqg gr qrw qhfhvvdulo uhiohfw wkrvh ri wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq ru wkh (xurshdq &rpplvvlrq 1hlwkhu wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq qru wkh judqwlqj dxwkrulw fdq eh khog uhvsrqvleoh iru &rixqghg e wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq 9lhzv dqg rslqlrqv h[suhvvhg duh krzhyhu wkrvh ri wkh dxwkru v rqo dqg gr qrw qhfhvvdulo uhiohfw wkrvh ri wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq ru wkh (xurshdq &rpplvvlrq 1hlwkhu wkh (xurshdq 8qlrq qru wkh judqwlqj dxwkrulw fdq eh khog uhvsrqvleoh iru wkhp 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