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˖˥˜ˠ˜ˡ˔˟ ˝˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠʡϣ ʼˡ ʥʣʣʬʟ ˧˛˘ ʻ˜˚˛ ʶˢˠˠ˜˦˦˜ˢˡ˘˥ ˙ˢ˥ ʻ˨ˠ˔ˡ ˅˜˚˛˧˦ ˪˥ˢ˧˘ ˧˛˔˧ ˥˘˖ˢ˚ˡ˜˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘ ˟˘˚˔˟ ˖˔ˣ˔˖˜˧ˬ ˢ˙ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ ˥˘ˤ˨˜˥˘˦ ˥˘ˣ˟˔˖˜ˡ˚ ˖˥˜ˠ˜ˡ˔˟ ˗˘˙˘ˡ˖˘˦ ˕˔˦˘˗ ˢˡ ϣˠ˘ˡ˧˔˟ ˢ˥ ˜ˡ˧˘˟˟˘˖˧˨˔˟ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧ˬϣ ˪˜˧˛ ϣ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧ˬʠˡ˘˨˧˥˔˟ϣ ˗ˢ˖˧˥˜ˡ˘˦ʡ ʼˡ ˃ˢ˥˧˨˚˔˟ʟ ˧˛˘ ˟˔˪ ˚˨˔˥˔ˡ˧˘˘˦ ˧˛˔˧ ˔˟˟ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˛˔˩˘ ˟˘˚˔˟ ˖˔ˣ˔˖˜˧ˬ ˧˛˥ˢ˨˚˛ ˧˛˘ ˦˖˛˘ˠ˘ ˢ˙ ˔ˡ ϣ˔˖˖ˢˠˣ˔ˡ˜˘˗ ˔˗˨˟˧ʟϣ ˪˛˜˖˛ ˣ˘˥ˠ˜˧˦ ˧˛˔˧ ˜˙ ˔ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ ˖˔ˡˡˢ˧ ˘˫˘˥˖˜˦˘ ˧˛˘˜˥ ˥˜˚˛˧˦ʟ ˜˧ ˜˦ ˣˢ˦˦˜˕˟˘ ˧ˢ ˥˘ˤ˨˘˦˧ ˧˛˘ ˡ˘˖˘˦˦˔˥ˬ ˔˖˖ˢˠˣ˔ˡˬ˜ˡ˚ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ˙˥ˢˠ ˧˛˘ ʶˢ˨˥˧ʡ ˇ˛˘ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ˖˔ˡ ˕˘ ˥˘ˤ˨˘˦˧˘˗ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˃˨˕˟˜˖ ˃˥ˢ˦˘˖˨˧ˢ˥ϡ˦ ˂˙˙˜˖˘ʟ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˧˛˘ˠ˦˘˟˩˘˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˦ˣˢ˨˦˘ ˢ˥ ˢ˧˛˘˥ ˥˘˟˔˧˜˩˘ ˪˜˧˛ ˧˛˘ ˖ˢˡ˦˘ˡ˧ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡʡ ʼˡ ˆˣ˔˜ˡʟ ʿ˔˪ ʫʢʥʣʥʤ ˥˘˖ˢ˚ˡ˜˦˘˗ ˟˘˚˔˟ ˖˔ˣ˔˖˜˧ˬ ˙ˢ˥ ˔˟˟ ˣ˘ˢˣ˟˘ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧ˬʟ ˚˨˔˥˗˜˔ˡ˦˛˜ˣ ˪˔˦ ˘˟˜ˠ˜ˡ˔˧˘˗ʟ ˔ˡ˗ ˝˨˗˜˖˜˔˟ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ˢ˙ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˙ˢ˥ ˣ˘ˢˣ˟˘ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ ˔˥˘ ˔˗ˢˣ˧˘˗ ˔˦ ˟˔˦˧ ˥˘˦ˢ˥˧ʡ ʼˡ ˧˛˜˦ ˪˔ˬ ˧˛˘ ˆˣ˔ˡ˜˦˛ ˟˘˚˜˦˟˔˧˜ˢˡ ˠˢ˩˘˗ ˙˥ˢˠ ˔ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠ ˢ˙ ˦˨˕˦˧˜˧˨˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˗˘˖˜˦˜ˢˡʠˠ˔˞˜ˡ˚ ˧ˢ ˔ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠ ˢ˙ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˜ˡ ˗˘˖˜˦˜ˢˡʠˠ˔˞˜ˡ˚ʡ ʵʡ ˅˜˚˛˧ ˧ˢ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ ʵʡʤʡ ʼˡ˗˜˩˜˗˨˔˟ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ,q fulplqdo surfhhglqjv juhdw ydulhw ri dfwruv dqg surihvvlrqdov frph lqwr frqwdfw zlwk shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv 1rw doo ri wkhp kdyh ohjdo hgxfdwlrq ru edfnjurxqg lq surwhfwlrq ri kxpdq uljkwv 6rph rwkhuv pd qrw eh dzduh ri wkh glvdelolw uljkwv dqg ,03/(0(17,1* 352&('85$/ 5,*+76 )25 '()(1'$176 :,7+ ',6$%,/,7,(6 glvdelolwiulhqgo dssurdfkhv *rrg 3udfwlfh@ ,q vrph frxqwulhv vxfk dv 8. dqg 6sdlq wklv dvvhvvphqw fdq eh grqh e lqwhuphgldulhv ,q 6sdlq idflolwdwruv fdq eh surylghg iuhho e 1*2v olnh 3ohqd ,qfoxvlrq :khq sulvrq௲v riilfhuv vxvshfw wkdw wkh wkh shuvrq kdv dq lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolw wkh frqwdfw 3ohqd ,qfoxvlrq wkdw frqgxfwv dq dvvhvvphqw dqg surylghv dvvlvwdqfh lq rewdlqlqj wkh riilfldo uhfrjqlwlrq 6sdlq 1dwlrqdo 3dshu 6hfwlrq sdjh ,elg 6hfwlrq sdjh 3ruwxjdo qdwlrqdo sdshu ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 >*rrg 3udfwlfh@ ,q %xojduld wkh frxuwv xvh dq ௵1*2 dvvhvvphqw ri wkh vrfldo ixqfwlrqlqj ri shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv dqg wkhlu vshfldo qhhgv௶ 7klv dvvhvvphqw lv ghvljqhg wr eh xvhg lq doo frxuwv dgguhvvlqj fdvhv zlwk shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv ,w dlpv wr lqfuhdvh wkh hiihfwlyh sduwlflsdwlrq lq wkh wuldo dqg wr lpsuryh wkh surwhfwlrq ri wkh shuvrq௲v uljkwv dqg lqwhuhvwv ,qirupdwlrq vkdulqj uxohv dqg vdihjxdugv vkrxog eh lq sodfh zkhq lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqw lv ehlqj frqgxfwhg e mxvwlfh dfwruv 7kh ghihqgdqwv vkrxog eh lqyroyhg lq wkh ghyhorsphqw ri wkh lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqw vkrxog uhfhlyh lw zkhq ilqdolvhg dqg vkrxog kdyh wkh uljkw wr frpphqw rq lw zlwk frppxqlfdwlrq dqg rwkhu vxssruw dv qhfhvvdu -xgjhv dqg rwkhu mxvwlfh dfwruv vkrxog yhuli wkdw wkh lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqw kdv ehhq frpsohwhg hduo lq wkh surfhvv ʵʡʥʡ ˃˥ˢ˩˜˦˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ $v d jhqhudo uxoh wkh 6orydn fulplqdo odz grhv qrw suhvxssrvh wkdw ghihqgdqwv zrxog qhhg surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv $ffruglqjo wkhuh duh yhu olwwoh h[solflw surylvlrqv wkdw zrxog shuplw ru uhtxluh vxfk phdvxuhv wr eh wdnhq ru rxwolqh krz wkhvh phdvxuhv vkrxog eh lpsohphqwhg lq sudfwlfh 1hyhuwkhohvv dxwkrulwlhv vkrxog surfhhg lq dffrugdqfh zlwk wkh sudfwlfhv vhw iruwk khuhlq xvlqj phdvxuhv wkdw 6orydn odz hqvkulqhv iru frqgxfwlqj frxuw surfhhglqjv zlwk plqruv yxoqhudeoh ylfwlpv ru rwkhu vlplodu surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv wkdw pd eh dssolhg rq surfhhglqjv zlwk ghihqgdqwv zlwk glvdelolwlhv pxwdwlv pxwdqglv 5hfrpphqgdwlrqv iru mxvwlfh surihvvlrqdov 7kh ghihqgdqwv uljkw wr d idlu wuldo rq dq htxdo edvlv zlwk rwkhuv pxvw eh uhvshfwhg iurp wkh iluvw frqwdfw zlwk odz hqirufhphqw riilfhuv dqg wkurxjkrxw doo surfhvvhv wkurxjk dffhvv wr surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv %xojduld qdwlrqdo sdshu sdud sdjh ,elg ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 d $oo mxvwlfh dfwruv pxvw hqvxuh wkdw dffrpprgdwlrqv duh dydlodeoh iru shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv wr doorz iru wkhlu sduwlflsdwlrq lq hdfk surfhgxuh iurp wkh iluvw frqwdfw zlwk odz hqirufhphqw dxwkrulwlhv dqg wkurxjk doo surfhvvhv :khuh ohjlvodwlrq grhv qrw h[foxgh lw wkh surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv vkrxog eh xwlol]hg lq d zd vlplodu wr surfhhglqjv zlwk rwkhu yxoqhudeoh shuvrqv vxfk dv ylfwlpv ru fkloguhq e 3huvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv vkrxog eh frqvxowhg uhjduglqj wkh h[shulhqfhg eduulhuv dqg dffrpprgdwlrq qhhgv $ glvforvxuh iurp dq lqglylgxdo wkdw wkh kdyh d glvdelolw lv hqrxjk wr sodfh dq reoljdwlrq rq wkh dxwkrulwlhv wr pdnh d ixoo ghwhuplqdwlrq wdnlqj lqwr dffrxqw wkh lqglylgxdo௲v ylhzv f $ghtxdwh vxssruw vhuylfhv vkrxog eh pdgh dydlodeoh zlwklq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp wr hqvxuh wkh surylvlrq ri surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv iru shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv l :khuh lghqwlilfdwlrq ri qhhgv iru surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv qhhgv wr eh lq sodfh lw kdv wr eh grqh dw wkh ehjlqqlqj ri wkh surfhhglqjv dw wkh hduolhvw prphqw srvvleoh ll 3uhsdudwlrqv iru surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv dqg rwkhu dgmxvwphqwv lq wkh khdulqj pxvw eh pdgh sulru wr wkh khdulqjwuldo $oo sduwlflsdqwv lqfoxglqj ghihqgdqwv zlwk glvdelolwlhv vkrxog eh lqiruphg derxw wkhlu uljkwv dqg wkh dydlodelolw ri surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv wkurxjkrxw wkh frxuvh ri wkh surfhhglqjv d (qvxuh wkdw ghihqgdqwv duh dzduh ri wkh srvvlelolw wr kdyh surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv wkurxjkrxw wkh surfhhglqjv dqg nqrz wkdw wkh fdq uhtxhvw wkhp dw dq wlph e ,w vkrxog qrw eh wkh vroh reoljdwlrq ri wkh ghihqgdqw wr uhtxhvw wkh dffrpprgdwlrqv $oo mxvwlfh dfwruv kdyh d surdfwlyh gxw wr lqlwldwh wkh surylvlrq ri dffrpprgdwlrqv $ frpsuhkhqvlyh surfhgxuh iru uhfrjqlvlqj uhtxhvwlqj dvvhvvlqj dqg surylglqj lqglylgxdo vxssruw iru shuvrqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv vkrxog eh ghyhorshg dqg lpsohphqwhg >*rrg 3udfwlfh@ ,q 6sdlq surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv fdq eh uhtxhvwhg e dq ri wkh sduwlhv e wkh sxeolf survhfxwru wkh mxgjh ru e wkh shuvrq zlwk d glvdelolw wkhpvhoyhv 7kh srolfh fdq uhtxhvw wkhp zkhq zlwk d shuvrq zlwk d glvdelolw &ohdu dqg hiihfwlyh surfhgxuhv rq surfhgxudo dffrpprgdwlrqv pxvw eh ghyhorshg dqg lpsohphqwhg e doo mxvwlfh dfwruv zkhqhyhu d shuvrq zlwk ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 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suofhgxuhv iou suoylglqj foppxqlfdwloq vxssouw iou shuvoqv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv oq wkh oqh kdqg dqg iou mxvwlfh suoihvvloqdov zko eholhyh wkdw uhtxhvwlqj vxfk vxssouw foxog idflolwdwh foppxqlfdwloq zlwk ghihqgdqwv zlwk glvdelolwlhv oq wkh owkhu 7klv phdqv wkdw lq foxuw d shuvoq zlwk dq lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolw pd ilqg wkhpvhoyhv dooqh lq iuoqw oi wkh mxgjh zlwkoxw dq foppxqlfdwloq vxssouw wo xqghuvwdqg wkh phdqlqj oi wkh txhvwloqv dvnhg ,w lv wkhuhiouh lpsouwdqw wo fuhdwh dssuosuldwh vxssouw vhuylfhv zlwklq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp lq oughu wo hqvxuh wkdw eowk shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv dqg wkovh lqyooyhg lq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp fdq uhtxhvw suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʼˡ ˣ˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ʟ ˔˖˖ˢ˥˗˜ˡ˚ ˧ˢ ˧˛˘ ˠ˔ˡ˔˚˘ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘ ˖ˢˠˣ˘˧˘ˡ˧ ˝˨˗˜˖˜˔˟ ˔˨˧˛ˢ˥˜˧ˬʟ ˦ˢˠ˘ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ ˖˔ˡ ˕˘ ˣ˥ˢ˩˜˗˘˗ ʛ˙ˢ˥ ˘˫˔ˠˣ˟˘ʟ ˛˔˩˜ˡ˚ ˧˜ˠ˘ ˗˨˥˜ˡ˚ ˧˛˘ ˛˘˔˥˜ˡ˚ ˧ˢ ˖˔˟ˠ ˗ˢ˪ˡʟ ˛˔˩˜ˡ˚ ˔ ˙˔ˠ˜˟ˬ ˠ˘ˠ˕˘˥ ˢ˥ ˦˜˚ˡ˜˙˜˖˔ˡ˧ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘˜˥ ˦˜˗˘ ˔ˡ˗ ˠ˔˞˜ˡ˚ ˔ˡ ˘˙˙ˢ˥˧ ˧ˢ ˦˜ˠˣ˟˜˙ˬ ˔ˡ˗ ˔˗˔ˣ˧ ˧˛˘ ˟˔ˡ˚˨˔˚˘ ˨˦˘˗ ˧ˢ ˧˛˘ ˗˘˙˘ˡ˗˔ˡ˧˦ʟ ˙˔˩ˢ˨˥˜ˡ˚ ˦˜ˠˣ˟˘ʟ ˘˔˦ˬʠ˧ˢʠ˨ˡ˗˘˥˦˧˔ˡ˗ ˟˔ˡ˚˨˔˚˘ʜʨʦʡ )(1$&(5&, 5hsouw oq wkh eduulhuv idfhg e ghihqgdqwv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv lq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp lq 3ouwxjdo $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzihqdfhuflswgofv(1$%/(b5hodwoulo3ouwxjdosgi )(1$&(5&, 5hsouw oq wkh eduulhuv idfhg e ghihqgdqwv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv lq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp lq 3ouwxjdo $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzihqdfhuflswgofv(1$%/(b5hodwoulo3ouwxjdosgi ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 ([dpsohv oi suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv dffouglqj wo wkh ,qwhuqdwloqdo 3ulqflsohv dqg *xlgholqhv oq $ffhvv wo -xvwlfh iou 3huvoqv zlwk ‘lvdelolwlhv o 6shflilf dffoppogdwloqv vxfk dv dffoppogdwloq oi wkh idflolwlhv dghtxdwh zdlwlqj vsdfhv uhpoydo oi uoehv dqg jozqv dgmxvwphqwv wo wkh sdfh oi suofhhglqjv poglilfdwloqv wo wkh txhvwloqlqj gqdplfv dooozlqj gluhfw txhvwloqv vkouw vhqwhqfhv dyolglqj devwudfw foqfhswv ou zkhq xvhg looxvwudwlqj wkhp zlwk h[dpsohv dooozlqj h[wud wlph wo dqvzhu dooozlqj sdxvhv zkhq qhfhvvdu xvlqj vlpsoh odqjxdjh dvnlqj wkh shuvoq iou ihhgedfn wo ydolgdwh wkdw zkdw lv ehlqj vdlg lv ehlqj xqghuvwoog o $oooz shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv dw doo vwdjhv oi wkh suofhhglqjv li wkh vo zlvk wo eh dffopsdqlhg e d vxssouw shuvoq oi wkhlu fkolfh hj idplo iulhqgv ou owkhu shuvoqv wo suoylgh wkhp zlwk hpowloqdo vxssouw ou foppxqlfdwloq vxssouw zlwkoxw wkhp uhsodflqj wkh lqwhuphglduidflolwdwou o 2wkhu ioupv oi vxssouw lqfoxglqj foppxqlfdwloq vxssouw ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʴ˦ ˔˟˥˘˔˗ˬ ˠ˘ˡ˧˜ˢˡ˘˗ʟ ˧˛˘ ˈˁ ˥˘˖ˢˠˠ˘ˡ˗˦ʟ ˧˛˥ˢ˨˚˛ ˧˛˘ ʼˡ˧˘˥ˡ˔˧˜ˢˡ˔˟ ˃˥˜ˡ˖˜ˣ˟˘˦ ˔ˡ˗ ʺ˨˜˗˘˟˜ˡ˘˦ ˢˡ ʴ˖˖˘˦˦ ˧ˢ ʽ˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˙ˢ˥ ˃˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ʷ˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ʟ ˧˛˔˧ ˆ˧˔˧˘˦ ˥˘˩˜˘˪ ˧˛˘˜˥ ˟˘˚˜˦˟˔˧˜ˢˡ ˔ˡ˗ ˜ˡ˧˥ˢ˗˨˖˘ ˜ˡ˙ˢ˥ˠ˔˧˜ˢˡ ˢˡ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ ϟ ˜ˡ˖˟˨˗˜ˡ˚ ˧˛˘ ˣˢ˦˦˜˕˜˟˜˧ˬ ˢ˙ ˛˔˩˜ˡ˚ ˔ˡ ˜ˡ˧˘˥ˠ˘˗˜˔˥ˬʢ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥ʡ ʼˡ ˆˣ˔˜ˡʟ ˔˖˖ˢ˥˗˜ˡ˚ ˧ˢ ˅ˢˬ˔˟ ʷ˘˖˥˘˘ ʤʬʦʢʥʣʥʦʟ ˢ˙ ʥʥ ˀ˔˥˖˛ʨʨʟ ˧˛˘ ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥ ˜˦ ˧˛˘ ʕˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ ˪˛ˢ ˪ˢ˥˞˦ʟ ˔˦ ˡ˘˘˗˘˗ʟ ˪˜˧˛ ˝˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡˡ˘˟ ˔ˡ˗ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ ˧ˢ ˘ˡ˦˨˥˘ ˘˙˙˘˖˧˜˩˘ ˖ˢˠˠ˨ˡ˜˖˔˧˜ˢˡ ˗˨˥˜ˡ˚ ˔˟˟ ˦˧˔˚˘˦ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘ ˝˨˗˜˖˜˔˟ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˘ ʛʡʡʡʜ ˧˛˘ ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥ ˜˦ ˡ˘˨˧˥˔˟ ˔ˡ˗ ˗ˢ˘˦ ˡˢ˧ ˦ˣ˘˔˞ ˢˡ ˕˘˛˔˟˙ ˢ˙ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ ˢ˥ ˧˛˘ ˝˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠʟ ˡˢ˥ ˗ˢ˘˦ ˛˘ ˢ˥ ˦˛˘ ˜ˡ˙˟˨˘ˡ˖˘ ˗˘˖˜˦˜ˢˡ˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˢ˨˧˖ˢˠ˘˦ʕʡ 81 ,qwhuqdwloqdo 3ulqflsohv dqg *xlgholqhv oq $ffhvv wo -xvwlfh iou 3huvoqv zlwk ‘lvdelolwlhv $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzokfkuoujvlwhvghidxowilohv’ofxphqwv,vvxhv’lvdelolw65b’lvdelolw*oog3udfwlfhv$ffhvvwo-xvwlfh(1sgi 5hdo ‘hfuhwo gh gh pdu]o sou ho txh vh uhjxodq odv foqglfloqhv e£vlfdv gh dffhvlelolgdg qo glvfulplqdflµq gh odv shuvoqdv foq glvfdsdflgdg sdud ho dffhvo xwlol]dflµq gh oov elhqhv vhuylflov d glvsovlflµq gho súeolfo $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzeohhvexvfdudfwsks”lg %2($ ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 ʧʡʥʡ ʤʡ ʼˡ˗˜˩˜˗˨˔˟ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ 7o hqvxuh wkdw suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv duh dydlodeoh wo shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv lqyooyhg lq ohjdo suofhhglqjv lw lv hvvhqwldo wo foqgxfw d wlpho lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqw wo ghwhuplqh zklfk suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv duh qhhghg wo hqdeoh wkh uhohydqw dxwkoulwlhv wo suoylgh wkh qhfhvvdu vxssouw dqg hqvxuh ixoo dqg hiihfwlyh sduwlflsdwloq lq wkh suofhhglqjv 7kh shuvoq zlwk glvdelolwlhv vkoxog eh khdug dqg lqyooyhg zkhuh sovvleoh lq ghwhuplqlqj zkdw suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv wkh qhhg &xuuhqwo wkhuh duh qo vshflilf suofhgxuhv lq 3ouwxjdo wo lghqwli zkhwkhu shuvoqv lq foqwdfw zlwk wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp qhhg suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv $v d uhvxow lq voph fdvhv wkhvh suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv duh qow lghqwlilhg ou duh lghqwlilhg gxulqj wkh wuldo 7klv shuvoq fophv wo foxuw dqg , wdon wo wkh shuvoq dqg uhdolvh wkdw vophwklqj lvqw uljkw khuh 3uoedeo gxh wo d odfn oi dzduhqhvv oq wkh sduw oi wkh soolfh ioufhv gxulqj wkh lqyhvwljdwloq >-xgjh@ +ozhyhu lq owkhu fdvhv hyhq zlwkoxw vshflilf suofhgxuhv wklv dvvhvvphqw lv fduulhg oxw lq d wlpho pdqqhu , foqwlqxh wo hpskdvl]h wkdw wkh odzhu sodv d yhu lpsouwdqw uooh khuh ehfdxvh khvkh lv foovh wo wkh ghihqgdqw ehfdxvh khvkh fdq wdon wo wkh ghihqgdqw lq d ohvv ioupdo dqg foovhu zd dqg fdq xqghuvwdqg h[sodlq dqg wu wo qoupdolvh wkh vlwxdwloq >/dzhu@ ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʼˡ ˃ˢ˥˧˨˚˔˟ʟ ˜ˡ ʥʣʤʫʟ ˧˛˘ ˜ˡ˖˟˨˦˜˩˘ ˘˗˨˖˔˧˜ˢˡ ˥˘˚˜ˠ˘ ˪˔˦ ˖˥˘˔˧˘˗ ʛʷ˘˖˥˘˘ʠʿ˔˪ ʨʧʢʥʣʤʫʟ ˢ˙ ʩ ʽ˨˟ˬʜʟ ˜ˡ ˟˜ˡ˘ ˪˜˧˛ ˧˛˘ ʶ˅˃ʷʡ ˇ˛˘ ˡ˘˪ ˟˔˪ ˔˕˔ˡ˗ˢˡ˦ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠ˦ ˢ˙ ˖˔˧˘˚ˢ˥˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧˦ʟ ˜ˡ˖˟˨˗˜ˡ˚ ʕ˦ˣ˘˖˜˔˟ ˘˗˨˖˔˧˜ˢˡ˔˟ ˡ˘˘˗˦ʕʟ ˔ˡ˗ ˘˦˧˔˕˟˜˦˛˘˦ ˔ ˖ˢˡ˧˜ˡ˨˨ˠ ˢ˙ ˥˘˦ˣˢˡ˦˘˦ ˙ˢ˥ ˔˟˟ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧˦ʭ ˨ˡ˜˩˘˥˦˔˟ ʛ˥˘˦ˣˢˡ˦˘˦ ˔˩˔˜˟˔˕˟˘ ˧ˢ ˔˟˟ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧˦ʜʟ ˦˘˟˘˖˧˜˩˘ ʛ˜˙ ˡ˘˖˘˦˦˔˥ˬʟ ˦ˠ˔˟˟ ˖˛˔ˡ˚˘˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˔˗˝˨˦˧ˠ˘ˡ˧˦ʜ ˔ˡ˗ ˔˗˗˜˧˜ˢˡ˔˟ ʛ˔˜ˠ˘˗ ˔˧ ˔˗˗˥˘˦˦˜ˡ˚ ˠ˔˥˞˘˗ ˔ˡ˗ ˣ˘˥˦˜˦˧˘ˡ˧ ˗˜˙˙˜˖˨˟˧˜˘˦ ˜ˡ ˖ˢˠˠ˨ˡ˜˖˔˧˜ˢˡʟ ˜ˡ˧˘˥˔˖˧˜ˢˡʟ ˖ˢ˚ˡ˜˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˥ ˟˘˔˥ˡ˜ˡ˚ ˧˛˔˧ ˥˘ˤ˨˜˥˘ ˦ˣ˘˖˜˔˟˜˦˘˗ ˥˘˦ˢ˨˥˖˘˦ ˧ˢ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˟˘˔˥ˡ˜ˡ˚ ˔ˡ˗ ˜ˡ˖˟˨˦˜ˢˡʜʡ ˇ˛˘ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ˔˥˘ ˗˘˙˜ˡ˘˗ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˧˘˔˖˛˘˥˦ʟ ˜ˡ ˖ˢˡ˦˨˟˧˔˧˜ˢˡ ˪˜˧˛ ˧˛˘ ˣ˔˥˘ˡ˧˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˢ˧˛˘˥ ˧˘˖˛ˡ˜˖˜˔ˡ˦ ˪˛ˢ ˪ˢ˥˞ ˗˜˥˘˖˧˟ˬ ˪˜˧˛ ˧˛˘ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧ʡ ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 ˊ˛˘ˡ ˔ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧ ˖˛˔ˡ˚˘˦ ˦˖˛ˢˢ˟˦ʟ ˧˛˘ ˥˘˚˜˦˧˥˔˧˜ˢˡ ˙ˢ˥ˠ˦ ˔˦˞ ˧˛˘ ˙ˢ˟˟ˢ˪˜ˡ˚ ˤ˨˘˦˧˜ˢˡ ϟ ʕʼ˦ ˧˛˘ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧ ˖ˢ˩˘˥˘˗ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ʛˇ˘˖˛ˡ˜˖˔˟ ˃˘˗˔˚ˢ˚˜˖˔˟ ˃˟˔ˡ ˢ˥ ˅˘ˣˢ˥˧ʜ ˨ˡ˗˘˥ ʷ˘˖˥˘˘ʠʿ˔˪ ʨʧʢʥʣʤʫʟ ˢ˙ ʩ ʽ˨˟ˬʕʲ ϟ ˦ˢ ˧˛˔˧ ˧˛˘ ˡ˘˪ ˦˖˛ˢˢ˟ ˖˔ˡ ˖ˢˡ˧˜ˡ˨˘ ˧ˢ ˔ˣˣ˟ˬ ˧˛˘ ˟˘˔˥ˡ˜ˡ˚ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ʡ ˅˘˦ˢ˨˥˖˘ ʶ˘ˡ˧˥˘˦ ˙ˢ˥ ʼˡ˖˟˨˦˜ˢˡ ʛ˅ʶʼ˦ʜ ˔˥˘ ˦ˣ˘˖˜˔˟˜˦˘˗ ˖ˢˠˠ˨ˡ˜˧ˬʠ˕˔˦˘˗ ˦˘˥˩˜˖˘˦ʟ ˔˖˖˥˘˗˜˧˘˗ ˕ˬ ˧˛˘ ˀ˜ˡ˜˦˧˥ˬ ˢ˙ ʸ˗˨˖˔˧˜ˢˡʨʩʟ ˪˛˜˖˛ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˧˛˘ ˦˖˛ˢˢ˟ʚ˦ ˖˔ˣ˔˖˜˧ˬ ˧ˢ ˣ˥ˢˠˢ˧˘ ˧˛˘ ˘˗˨˖˔˧˜ˢˡ˔˟ ˦˨˖˖˘˦˦ ˢ˙ ˔˟˟ ˦˧˨˗˘ˡ˧˦ʡ ʴˠˢˡ˚ ˢ˧˛˘˥ ˔˦ˣ˘˖˧˦ʟ ˧˛˜˦ ˣ˥ˢ˩˜˗˘˦ ˦˖˛ˢˢ˟ ˚˥ˢ˨ˣ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˔ ˠ˨˟˧˜˗˜˦˖˜ˣ˟˜ˡ˔˥ˬ ˧˘˔ˠ ˧˛˔˧ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧˦ ˧˛˘ ˦ˣ˘˖˜˔˟˜˦˘˗ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˢ˙ ˖˛˜˟˗˥˘ˡ ˔ˡ˗ ˬˢ˨ˡ˚ ˣ˘ˢˣ˟˘ʡ ʽ˨˦˧ ˔˦ ˧˛˘ ˘˗˨˖˔˧˜ˢˡ˔˟ ˖ˢˡ˧˘˫˧ ˛˔˦ ˔˟˜˚ˡ˘˗ ˪˜˧˛ ˧˛˘ ʶ˅˃ʷ ˕ˬ ˙ˢ˖˨˦˜ˡ˚ ˢˡ ˠ˘˔˦˨˥˘˦ ˧ˢ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˟˘˔˥ˡ˜ˡ˚ʟ ˧˛˘ ˝˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˦ˬ˦˧˘ˠ ˖˔ˡ ˣ˥ˢˠˢ˧˘ ˔ ˠˢ˥˘ ˘ˤ˨˔˟ ˔˖˖˘˦˦ ˧ˢ ˝˨˦˧˜˖˘ ˕ˬ ˜ˠˣ˟˘ˠ˘ˡ˧˜ˡ˚ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ʡ 3udfwlfdo *xlgholqhv ‘hyhoos dqg lpsohphqw suofhgxuhv wo lghqwli dw wkh vwduw oi ohjdo suofhhglqjv dqg ehiouh dq suofhgxudo vwdjhv hj mxglfldo txhvwloqlqj e wkh vhfxulw ioufhv wkh suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv qhhghg e shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv hqvxulqj wkhlu sduwlflsdwloq oq dq htxdo edvlv d 7o dfklhyh wklv vhfxulw ioufhv ou owkhu dfwouv lq wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp vkoxog uhfhlyh dghtxdwh wudlqlqj wo ixoilo wkhvh gxwlhv lq sduwlfxodu wo dvvhvv wkh qhhg iou suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv dqg wo oldlvh zlwk oujdqlvdwloqv dqg suoihvvloqdov zounlqj gluhfwo zlwk shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv e 7kh lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqw phqwloqhg khuh vkoxog eh xvhg h[foxvlyho wo lghqwli dqg jdwkhu wkh qhfhvvdu dqg uhohydqw lqioupdwloq iou wkh fopshwhqw dxwkoulwlhv wo ghwhuplqh wkh dssuosuldwh suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv iou wkh shuvoq zlwk glvdelolwlhv f ‘hihqgdqwv vkoxog sduwlflsdwh lq wkh suofhvv oi lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqwlghqwlilfdwloq oi vxssouw phdvxuhv vkoxog kdyh dffhvv wo ‘luhfwoudwh*hqhudo iou (gxfdwloq ,qfoxvloq 5hvoxufh &hqwuhv ,5&v $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzgjhphfswfhqwuovghuhfxuvovsdudlqfoxvdoful ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 lw zkhq lw lv fopsohwhg dqg vkoxog kdyh wkh uljkw wo fopphqw oq lw uhfhlylqj vxssouw li qhfhvvdu g 7kh shuvoq zlwk glvdelolwlhv vkoxog eh khdug dqg eh lqyooyhg zkhuh sovvleoh lq ghwhuplqlqj zkdw suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv wkh qhhg h *uhdwhu lqyooyhphqw oi idplo phpehuv ou suoihvvloqdov iuop glvdelolw oujdqlvdwloqv vkoxog eh hqfoxudjhg wo khos ghwhuplqh li shuvoqv lq foqwdfw zlwk wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp uhtxluh dffoppogdwloqv i -xgjhv vkoxog fkhfn wkdw wkh lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqwlghqwlilfdwloq oi dq suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv kdv ehhq fduulhg oxw ehiouh wkh vwduw oi wkh wuldo /lnhzlvh suovhfxwouv vkoxog iooooz wkh vdph suofhgxuh lq wkh hqtxlulqyhvwljdwloq vwdjh j ‘dwd suowhfwloq uxohv dqg vdihjxdugv vkoxog eh hvwdeolvkhg uhjduglqj wkh vkdulqj oi lqioupdwloq iuop lqglylgxdo dvvhvvphqwvlghqwlilfdwloq oi vxssouw phdvxuhv fduulhg oxw e wkh gliihuhqw dfwouv lq wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp 3oolf 5hfopphqgdwloqv ,w lv lpsouwdqw wo uhylhz odzv soolflhv jxlgholqhv dqg sudfwlfhv wkdw uhjdug phglfdo suoihvvloqdov dv wkh oqo ou sulpdu h[shuwv lq ghwhuplqlqj koz wo zkdw h[whqw dqg zlwk zkdw nlqg oi vxssouw shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv pd sduwlflsdwh lq ohjdo suofhhglqjv ,w lv lpsouwdqw wo lqfoxgh owkhu suoihvvloqdov vxfk dv svfkooojlvwv ou owkhuv lq wkh dvvhvvphqw oi vxssouw qhhgv d 7klv dvvhvvphqw fdq eh fduulhg oxw e suoihvvloqdov zko vxssouw wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp iuop gliihuhqw duhdv suoylghg wkh kdyh uhfhlyhg dssuosuldwh wudlqlqj hj svfkooojlvwv vofldo zounhuv ou owkhu suoihvvloqdov ,w lv dovo lpsouwdqw wo lqyooyh wkh ‘luhfwoudwh*hqhudo oi 5hlqwhjudwloq dqg 3ulvoq 6huylfhv lq wklv suofhvv e 7kh fuhdwloq oi oiilfhv ghglfdwhg wo vxssouwlqj dffhvv wo mxvwlfh dqg sduwlflsdwloq lq suofhhglqjv iou shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv lqfoxglqj ghihqgdqwv foxog eh foqvlghuhg 7klv foxog eh goqh lq fooodeoudwloq zlwk oujdqlvdwloqv wkdw douhdg suoylgh vxssouw wo shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv dqgou zlwklq wkh iudphzoun oi h[lvwlqj pxowlglvflsolqdu whdpv $uwlfoh oi wkh /dz oq wkh 2ujdqlvdwloq oi wkh -xvwlfh 6vwhp zklfk lqfoxgh svfkooojlvwv zko ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 foxog dovo eh lqyooyhg lq dvvhvvlqj dqg lghqwlilqj suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv f 7udlq suoihvvloqdov uhvsoqvleoh iou ghwhuplqlqj suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv wkuoxjk vshfldolvhg wudlqlqj oq glvdelolw iuop d kxpdq uljkwv shuvshfwlyh dqg suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv lq wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp hj svfkooojlvwv dqg owkhu suoihvvloqdov vxssouwlqj wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp lqfoxglqj 9lfwlp 6xssouw 3uoihvvloqdov >suoylghg wkh kdyh fopsohphqwdu vshfldolvhg wudlqlqj@ ou owkhu suoihvvloqdov iofxvlqj oq wkhlu fopshwhqfhv hj dfwlyh olvwhqlqj dgdswhg foppxqlfdwloq dqg hwklfdoo lqiouphg ghflvloqpdnlqj ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʼˡ ˦ˢˠ˘ ˖ˢ˨ˡ˧˥˜˘˦ʟ ˦˨˖˛ ˔˦ ˧˛˘ ˈʾ ˔ˡ˗ ˆˣ˔˜ˡʟ ˧˛˜˦ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˢ˙ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˡ˘˘˗˦ ˖˔ˡ ˕˘ ˖˔˥˥˜˘˗ ˢ˨˧ ˕ˬ ˜ˡ˧˘˥ˠ˘˗˜˔˥˜˘˦ʢ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥˦ʡ ʼˡ ˆˣ˔˜ˡʟ ˧˛˘ ˖ˢ˟˟˔˕ˢ˥˔˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘˦˘ ˜ˡ˧˘˥ˠ˘˗˜˔˥˜˘˦ʢ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥˦ ˖˔ˡ ˕˘ ˥˘ˤ˨˘˦˧˘˗ ˙˥ˢˠ ˁˢˡʠʺˢ˩˘˥ˡˠ˘ˡ˧˔˟ ˂˥˚˔ˡ˜˦˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ʟ ˦˨˖˛ ˔˦ ˃˟˘ˡ˔ ʼˡ˖˟˨˦˜ͅˡʟ ˪˛˜˖˛ ˛˔˦ ˣ˥ˢˠˢ˧˘˗ ˧˛˘ ˤ˨˔˟˜˙˜˖˔˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˝˨˗˜˖˜˔˟ ˙˔˖˜˟˜˧˔˧ˢ˥˦ʡʨʪ ˊ˛˘ˡ ˣˢ˟˜˖˘ ˔˨˧˛ˢ˥˜˧˜˘˦ ˦˨˦ˣ˘˖˧ ˧˛˔˧ ˔ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ ˛˔˦ ˔ˡ ˜ˡ˧˘˟˟˘˖˧˨˔˟ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧ˬʟ ˧˛˘ˬ ˖ˢˡ˧˔˖˧ ˃˟˘ˡ˔ ʼˡ˖˟˨˦˜ͅˡʟ ˪˛˜˖˛ ˧˛˘ˡ ˖˔˥˥˜˘˦ ˢ˨˧ ˔ˡ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˔ˡ˗ ˣ˥ˢ˩˜˗˘˦ ˦˨ˣˣˢ˥˧ ˜ˡ ˢ˕˧˔˜ˡ˜ˡ˚ ˢ˙˙˜˖˜˔˟ ˥˘˖ˢ˚ˡ˜˧˜ˢˡʡʨʫ ,w lv uhfopphqghg wkdw 3ouwxjxhvh ohjlvodwloq eh uhylvhg wo suoylgh iou lqwhuphgldulhvidflolwdwouv wo eh pdgh dydlodeoh wo ghihqgdqwv zlwk glvdelolwlhv zkhqhyhu qhfhvvdu wo hqdeoh fohdu foppxqlfdwloq zlwk wkh foxuwv hqvxulqj vdih idlu dqg hiihfwlyh lqyooyhphqw dqg wkhlu ixoo sduwlflsdwloq lq doo vwdjhv oi wkh suofhhglqjv (1$%/( 3uomhfw ௭ 6sdlq 5hsouw s $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv ydolglwqjosuomhfwvhqdeolqjlqfoxvloqdqgdffhvvwomxvwlfhioughihqgdqwvzlwklqwhoohfwxdodqgsvfkovofldoglvdelolwlhvqdwloqdoeulhilqjsdshuv (1$%/( 3uomhfw ௭ 6sdlq 5hsouw s $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv ydolglwqjosuomhfwvhqdeolqjlqfoxvloqdqgdffhvvwomxvwlfhioughihqgdqwvzlwklqwhoohfwxdodqgsvfkovofldoglvdelolwlhvqdwloqdoeulhilqjsdshuv ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 l -xvw dv d vljq odqjxdjh lqwhusuhwhu fdq vxssouw shuvoqv zlwk khdulqj glvdelolwlhv dq lqwhuphglduidflolwdwou fdq vxssouw shuvoqv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdodqg ou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv dw doo vwdjhv oi wkh ohjdo suofhhglqjv ll 7kh xvh oi lqwhuphgldulhvidflolwdwouv vkoxog eh iuhh oi fkdujh iou shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv lll 7khvh lqwhuphgldulhvidflolwdwouv vkoxog eh jlyhq dghtxdwh wudlqlqj vo wkdw wkh fdq vxssouw shuvoqv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv dw doo vwdjhv oi wkh ohjdo suofhhglqjv ly 7kh &hqwuh iou -xglfldo 6wxglhv foxog suopowh wudlqlqj iou mxgjhv dqg sxeolf suovhfxwouv oq wkh uooh oi lqwhuphgldulhvidflolwdwouv dqg foouglqdwh zlwk hqwlwlhv wkdw vxssouw shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv uhjduglqj wkh wudlqlqj suoylghg ,ghqwli dqg vkduh joog sudfwlfhv lq lghqwlilqj dffoppogdwloqv wo eh pdgh dydlodeoh wo shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv dqg ghyhoos wudlqlqj ou dzduhqhvvudlvlqj dfwloqv iofxvlqj oq wkh kxpdq uljkwv pogho oi glvdelolw dqg zkdw dffoppogdwloqv vkoxog eh pdgh vo wkdw shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv fdq sduwlflsdwh oq dq htxdo edvlv zlwk owkhuv 5hylhz lqdssuosuldwh whuplqoooj foqvlghulqj wkh jxlgholqhv oi wkh &53’ hj xqdffoxqwdelolw iuop fulplqdo oldelolw gxh wo svfklf dqopdo ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʼˡ ʵ˨˟˚˔˥˜˔ʟ ˧˛˘ ˖ˢ˨˥˧˦ ˨˦˘ ˔ˡ ʕˁʺ˂ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘ ˦ˢ˖˜˔˟ ˙˨ˡ˖˧˜ˢˡ˜ˡ˚ ˢ˙ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˧˛˘˜˥ ˦ˣ˘˖˜˔˟ ˡ˘˘˗˦ʕʡ ˇ˛˜˦ ˔˦˦˘˦˦ˠ˘ˡ˧ ˜˦ ˗˘˦˜˚ˡ˘˗ ˧ˢ ˕˘ ˨˦˘˗ ˜ˡ ˔˟˟ ˖ˢ˨˥˧˦ ˧˛˔˧ ˗˘˔˟ ˪˜˧˛ ˖˔˦˘˦ ˜ˡ˩ˢ˟˩˜ˡ˚ ˣ˘˥˦ˢˡ˦ ˪˜˧˛ ˗˜˦˔˕˜˟˜˧˜˘˦ʡ ʼ˧˦ ˔˜ˠ ˜˦ ˧ˢ ˘ˡ˔˕˟˘ ˘˙˙˘˖˧˜˩˘ ˣ˔˥˧˜˖˜ˣ˔˧˜ˢˡ ˜ˡ ˧˛˘ ˧˥˜˔˟ ˔ˡ˗ ˜ˠˣ˥ˢ˩˘ ˧˛˘ ˣ˥ˢ˧˘˖˧˜ˢˡ ˢ˙ ˧˛˘˜˥ ˥˜˚˛˧˦ ˔ˡ˗ ˜ˡ˧˘˥˘˦˧˦ʡʩʣ )(1$&(5&, 5hsouw oq wkh eduulhuv hqfoxqwhuhg e ghihqgdqwv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv lq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp lq 3ouwxjdo $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzihqdfhuflswgofv(1$%/(b5hodwoulo3ouwxjdosgi (1$%/( 3uomhfw ௭ %xojduld 5hsouw s $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv ydolglwqjosuomhfwvhqdeolqjlqfoxvloqdqgdffhvvwomxvwlfhioughihqgdqwvzlwklqwhoohfwxdodqgsvfkovofldoglvdelolwlhvqdwloqdoeulhilqjsdshuv ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 ʧʡʥʡʥʡ 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lqioupdwloq vkoxog dohuw wkhp wo wkh qhhg wo lqlwldwh d suofhvv oi dvvhvvphqwlghqwlilfdwloq oi vxssouw phdvxuhvsuofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv lqyooylqj wkh shuvoq zlwk glvdelolwlhv zkhqhyhu sovvleoh dqg wkh vxssouw shuvoq li uhtxhvwhg 7kh vkoxog eh foqvxowhg uhjduglqj dq eduulhuv h[shulhqfhg dqg wkh qhhg iou dffoppogdwloq e 7kh mxvwlfh vvwhp pxvw hqvxuh wkh qhfhvvdu phdqv dqg uhvoxufhv iou lghqwlilqj dqg pdnlqj dydlodeoh suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv iou shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv hj ixqglqj wudlqlqj oq suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv hqvxulqj wkh dydlodelolw oi dvvlvwlyh whfkqooojlhv dqg suogxfwv wkdw pd eh ghhphg uhohydqw dpoqj owkhuv f ‘hyhoos dqg lpsohphqw dfwloq suofhgxuhvsuowofoov lq wkh mxvwlfh vvwhp zklfk fdq eh xvhg e doo mxvwlfh suoihvvloqdov wo ,03/(0(17,1* 352&(’85$/ 5,*+76 )25 ‘()(1’$176 :,7+ ‘,6$%,/,7,(6 uhfojqlvh uhtxhvw dvvhvv dqg suoylgh suofhgxudo dffoppogdwloqv iou shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv lq ohjdo suofhhglqjv ˃˥ˢˠ˜˦˜ˡ˚ ˃˥˔˖˧˜˖˘ ʼˡ ˆˣ˔˜ˡʟ ˣ˥ˢ˖˘˗˨˥˔˟ ˔˖˖ˢˠˠˢ˗˔˧˜ˢˡ˦ ˖˔ˡ ˕˘ ˥˘ˤ˨˘˦˧˘˗ 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zzzoughpgovsvlfooojovswilfkhluovgofxphqwovossbuhfophqgdfohvsdudsudwlfdsuoilvvloqdoqdlqwhuyhqfdosvlfooojlfdfopghilflhqfldsgi 0hdqlqjixo %oxh suojudpph ghvljqhg wo uhgxfh fulphv djdlqvw dqg fopplwwhg e shuvoqv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou pxowlsoh glvdelolwlhv zkloh vlpxowdqhoxvo hqkdqflqj wkhlu vhqvh oi vhfxulw )xuwkhu lqioupdwloq dw kwwsv zzzsvssw3djhvdwlylgdghvsuojudpdvljqlilfdwlyod]xodvs[ 3uomhfw -xvwlfh iou &kloguhq $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv suomhwosw 5hsouw oq wkh eduulhuv idfhg e ghihqgdqwv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo dqgou svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv lq wkh fulplqdo mxvwlfh vvwhp lq 3ouwxjdo )(1$&(5&, 3ouwxjxhvh yhuvloq dqg (dv 5hdg $ydlodeoh dw kwwsv zzzihqdfhuflswhvwxgovoeuhdfhvvodmxvwlfdhpsouwxjdolqglfdoevwdfxoovdshvvodvfopghilflhqfldlqwhohfwxdoнационален наръчник: работа с обвиняеми с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания в наказателното производство българия 1 повече информация за проекта е достъпна тук: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/ 2 в голямата си част настоящият наръчник е разработен въз основа на модела за наръчник, чийто автори са international commission of jurists и фондация валидити. този наръчник е създаден от фондация “кера” по проекта “включване и достъп до правосъдие за обвиняеми с интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания” (enable -101056701 – just 2021-jacc). проектът има за цел да насърчи достъпа до правосъдие и по-справедливите съдебни процедури за обвиняеми с интелектуални и психо-социални увреждания в 8 европейски държави1. автори мария кръстева2 редактор анета генова изследователски екип венера симеонова и таня цанева контакти в българия фондация кера https://www.kerafoundation.com/ project contacts validity foundation – mental disability advocacy centre impact hub, milestone institute budapest, wesselényi utca 17. 1053 budapest, hungary e-mail: validity@validity.local дата на издаване август, 2024 информация за проекта enable – 101056701 благодарности екипът на проекта изразява дълбока благодарност на всички национални и международни партньори, включително на хората с увреждания, които споделиха техните знания и опит и помогнаха за създаването на задълбочено и ориентирано към националния контекст съдържание. съ-финансиран от европейския съюз. изложениете гледни точки и мнения принадлежат изцяло на авторите им и не отразяват непеменно гледните точки и становища на европейския съюз или европейската комисия. нито европейския съюз, нито европейската комисия са отговорни за тях. table of contents въведение …………………………………………………………………………. 6 a. контекст …………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 б. за кого е предназначен настоящия наръчник и как да се използва …….. 9 в. методология …………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 г. основни определения и терминология ………………………………………………….. 10 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес ………………………………….14 обвиняемите с увреждания и съдебната система 20 презумция на невиновност и правосубектност …… 23 а. съдебна прасктика ………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 б. практически насоки и препоръки ……………………………………………………………….30 в. обещаващи практики ……………………………………………………………………………….. 33 прилагане на правата на обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения ……………………… 35 а. искания и предложения за улеснения ………………………………………………………. 38 б. индивидуална оценка за определяне на процедурни улеснения ………………… 42 в. комуникационни посредници ……………………………………………………………………. 47 г. право на придружаване от страна на подкрепящо лице, което може да включва роднина …………………………………………………………………………………………. 52 д. приспособяване и промени на процедурите …………………………………………….. 54 е. подкрепа за осъществяване на комуникация ……………………………………………. 55 добри практики в българия ……………………………………….. 62 а. комуникационни посредници ……………………………………………………………………. 63 б. индивидуална оценка на социалното функциониране и оценка на нуждите от подкрепа в съдебното производство ……………………………………………………………. 70 допълнинтелно ……………………………………………………………… 73 executive summary 5 (use this page where you need it) „липсата на знания как да подходиш, всъщност поставя в риск и обществото, и полицаите, и хората с психични разстройства.“ от интервю със съдия executive summary 6 въведение 01 въведение 7 а. контекст независимо дали са жертви, свидетели или предполагаеми извършители на престъпления, хората с увреждания се сблъскват със значителни трудности при достъпа до правосъдие и при взаимодействието си с различните специалистите в наказателното- правосъдната система. в същото време, макар да се съобщава, че при тях вероятността да станат жертви на насилие (включително сексуално) е от четири до десет пъти по-голяма, отколкото при техните връстници без увреждания,3 хората с психо-социални и интелектуални увреждания – особено настанените в резидентна грижа4 – се сблъскват със сериозно изключване и нарушаване на правата им на справедлив съдебен процес.5 остарелите закони, които не признават тяхната правосубектност6 и следователно отричат правото им да участват в съдебен процес и да дават показания, неустановяването на увреждането и неосигуряването на необходимата подкрепа за достъп до информация и комуникация, липсата на процедурни улеснения, липсата на специализация и обучение,7 бариерите в отношението на повечето органи на наказателното правосъдие и липсата на достъп до ефективни правни съвети са сред системните предизвикателства, пред които са изправени лицата с интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания, живеещи в ес, които участват в наказателни производства.8 3 disability justice, ‘justice denied: abuse and exploitation’, („отказано правосъдие: злоупотреба и експлоатация“): https://disabilityjustice.org/justice-denied/abuse-and-exploitation/ 4 amelink q, roozen s, leistikow i, weenink jw. sexual abuse of people with intellectual disabilities in residential settings: a 3-year analysis of incidents reported to the dutch health and youth care inspectorate (сексуална злоупотреба с хора с интелектуални затруднения в резидентни услуги: тригодишен анализ на инцидентите, докладвани на инспектората по здравеопазване и грижа за младежи в нидерландия). bmj open. 2021 dec 6;11(12):e053317. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053317. pmid: 34873008; pmcid: pmc8650479. 5 smith, t. (2023). autism and criminal justice. the experience of suspects, defendants and offenders in england and wales. routledge (аутизъм и наказателно правосъдие. опитът на заподозрени, обвиняеми и правонарушители в англия и уелс). 6 бележка към българския превод: българското право разделя правосубектността на правоспособност и дееспособност (виж чл. 1 и чл. 2 от закона за лицата и семейството (злс) и позволява отнемане на дееспособността, чрез поставяне под запрещение (пълно или частично, съгласно чл. 5 ал.1 и 2 злс). оригиналният език, на който е написан настоящият труд е английски, поради което при превода се налагат уточнения свързани с горната особеност на националното право. правосубектността като единство на правоспособност и дееспособност е разглеждан многократно в международната доктрина , включително от гледна точка на обхвата на чл.12 от конвенцията на оон за правата на хората с увреждания. в международната доктрина няма никакво съмнение, че правосубектността обхваща както правоспособността, така и дееспособността. за целите на по-доброто разбиране на настоящия труд използваме понятието „правосубектност“, с настоящето уточнение, като, където е необходимо изрично подчертаваме важността и неотменимостта на дееспособността като елемент на правосубектността. виж също раздел 1.4, частта, касаеща правоспособността. 7 международния обобщаващ доклад – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 8 международния обобщаващ доклад – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 01 въведение 8 същевременно конвенцията на оон за правата на хората с увреждания9 (кпху), ратифицирана от европейския съюз10 и от всички негови държави членки без резерви,11 налага на държавите сериозни задължения за идентифициране и премахване на пречките и бариерите и предприемане на проактивни, системни мерки, за да гарантират, че всички хора с увреждания могат да се възползват от правото си на достъп до правосъдие наравно с всички останали. въпреки това, независимо че в съответните директиви на ес12 и в правните рамки на държавите членки се признава необходимостта от подкрепа и защита на тези права на хората със слухови, сензорни или физически увреждания, законодателството остава безучастно по отношение на специфичните потребности и бариери пред лицата с интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания.13 това е така, въпреки че, много често същият вид мерки се предоставят на други групи в уязвимо положение, които може да се нуждаят от подобен вид помощ по време на наказателния процес, като например непълнолетни или жени, жертви на домашно или сексуално насилие.14 в малкото на брой държави, които са въвели механизми за подкрепа, мерките се отнасят само за хора с интелектуални и психосоциални проблеми, които участват в производството в качеството им на жертви, докато участващите в друго качество остават извън тях.15 има и държави, които са пристъпили към регламентиране на някои от тези изключително важни услуги, позволявайки също така на органите на наказателното правосъдие да използват услугите на професионален 9 общо събрание на оон, конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания: резолюция / приета от общото събрание, a/res/61/106, 24 януари 2007 г., https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2007/en/49751 10 европейският съюз ратифицира кпху на 23 декември 2010 г. 11 с някои изключения, посочени тук: https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-15&chapter=4&clang=_en 12 директива относно правото на устен и писмен превод в наказателното производство (2010/64/ес); директива относно правото на информация в наказателното производство (2012/13/ес); директива относно правото на достъп до адвокат в наказателното производство (2013/48/ес); директива относно укрепването на някои аспекти на презумпцията за невиновност и на правото на лицата да присъстват на съдебния процес в наказателното производство (2016/343/ес); директива относно правната помощ за заподозрени и обвиняеми в рамките на наказателното производство (2016/1919/ес); директива относно процесуалните гаранции за децата, които са заподозрени или обвиняеми в рамките на наказателното производство (2016/800/ес) 13 напр. директива 2010/64/ес относно правото на устен и писмен превод гарантира правото на устен преводач от чужд език и помощ за хора със слухови или говорни увреждания в наказателното производство. когнитивните бариери – затрудненията при разбирането на процедурите и осигуряването на улеснения са пропуснати. аналогично директива 2012/13/ес относно правото на информация в наказателното производство гарантира, че обвиняемите със слухови или говорни увреждания имат достъп до информация за своите права, обвинения и материали по делото. директивата също така не изисква тази информация да бъде достъпна за обвиняеми с когнитивни затруднения. 14 напр. директива 2010/64/ес относно правото на устен и писмен превод гарантира правото на устен преводач от чужд език и помощ за хора със слухови или говорни увреждания в наказателното производство. когнитивните бариери – затрудненията при разбирането на процедурите и осигуряването на настаняване – са пропуснати. по подобен начин директива 2012/13/ес относно правото на информация в наказателното производство гарантира, че обвиняемите със слухови или говорни увреждания имат достъп до информация за своите права, обвинения и материали по делото. директивата също така не изисква тази информация да бъде достъпна за обвиняеми с когнитивни бариери. 15 международния обобщаващ доклад – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 01 въведение 9 посредник, който да оцени техните потребности и да предложи улеснения16 или да използва съдебни книжа, написани на достъпен език17 . целта на настоящия наръчник е да информира съответните заинтересовани страни за най-добрите практики за ефективно включване на обвиняеми с интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания в наказателното производство, както и да предложи практически стъпки за прилагането им на национално равнище. изводите са резултат от задълбочен анализ на ситуацията в осем държави – членки на ес, включително българия, а предложените решения се основават на съответните международни и регионални стандарти и отразяват добрите практики, събрани в световен и национален мащаб. б. за кого е предназначен настоящия наръчник и как да се използва наръчникът е предназначен да служи като практическо ръководство за съдии, прокурори, адвокати, служители на правоприлагащите органи и други специалисти в българия (най-общо „органи на наказателното правосъдие, наричани по-долу онп“), които работят в наказателноправна среда по дела, свързани с лица с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания. той може да бъде полезен за насочване на работата им по дела, включващи лица с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания, които поради многобройните бариери, с които се сблъскват – правни, в средата, информационни, поведенчески – се нуждаят от допълнителна подкрепа, за да реализират наравно с останалите правото си на достъп до правосъдие. практическите инструменти, предложени в наръчника, имат за цел да изяснят как следва да подходят онп към всяка от тези системни бариери, които е най-вероятно да възникнат в досъдебната и съдебната фаза на наказателното производство, за да се даде възможност на обвиняемите с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания да участват наравно с останалите в производството. макар че акцентът в настоящия наръчник е върху обвиняемите в рамките на наказателното правосъдие, принципите, стандартите и препоръките, направени в него, могат да бъдат полезни и за други участници в наказателния процес, 16 национално проучване в испания, проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.29 17 национално проучване в литва, проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.9. 01 въведение 10 които имат такъв вид увреждания, включително жертви и свидетели, както и в по-широк контекст, включително в граждански производства. в. методология съдържанието на наръчника е разработено от фондация „кера“, българия, въз основа на резултатите от национално изследване на пречките, с които се сблъскват обвиняеми/подсъдими с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания в достъпа им до наказателно правосъдие,18 проведено в рамките на проект enable.19 представената информация и препоръки са събрани чрез проучвания, интервюта, консултации и мултидисциплинарни срещи с хора с увреждания, съдии, адвокати, представители на неправителствени организации и други съответни заинтересовани страни в периода от януари 2023 г. до юни 2024 г. г. основни определения и терминология ● хора с увреждания – по смисъла на член 1 от кпху хората с увреждания включват лица с трайна физическа, психическа, интелектуална и сетивна недостатъчност, която при взаимодействие с обкръжаващата ги среда би могла да възпрепятства тяхното пълноценно и ефективно участие в обществото на равна основа с другите.20 хората с психосоциални и интелектуални увреждания принадлежат към различни общности и по-специално към такива, които са изправени пред специфични видове нарушения на правата на човека въз основа на техни действителни или предполагаеми психични увреждания. като се има предвид, че това е динамично понятие, тази категория включва, наред с другото, хора, които се самоопределят или биват възприемани или третирани като лица с неврологични увреждания, включително възрастово обусловени и дегенеративни нарушения; хора с увреждания от аутистичния спектър; 18 проект enable, национален доклад за българия, 2023 г., фондация кера, достъпен на английски език: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ и на български език тук: https://www.kerafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/final_kera_2023_06_19_national-briefing-paper_bulgaria_bg.pdf 19 пълно наименование на проекта: „включване и достъп до правосъдие за обвиняеми с интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания“ (101056701 – enable – just-2021-jacc). повече информация можете да намерите тук: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/ 20 конвенция на оон за правата на хората с увреждания, член 1 01 въведение 11 хора с обучителни затруднения; хора, които чуват гласове, и др. съгласно българския закон за хората с увреждания „хората с увреждания са лица с физическа, психическа, интелектуална и сетивна недостатъчност, която при взаимодействие с обкръжаващата ги среда би могла да възпрепятства тяхното пълноценно и ефективно участие в обществения живот.“ – § 1, т. 1 от допълнителните разпоредби на зху. ● правосубектност – съгласно общ коментар № 1 на комитета за правата на хората с увреждания, правосубектността включва както способността лицето да бъде носител на права, така и да действа в рамките на закона.21 способността лицето да бъде носител на права дава на индивида правото на пълната защита на правата му от правната система. способността да действа в рамките на закона признава индивида като участник, който може да извършва сделки и да създава, променя и прекратява правоотношения. ● процедурни улеснения – означава всякакви необходими и подходящи „промени и приспособявания в контекста на достъпа до правосъдие по конкретно дело, за да се осигури участието на хората с увреждания, наравно с всички останали.“22 повечето от мерките, описани в настоящия наръчник, необходими за премахване на пречките пред достъпа до правосъдие, с които се сблъскват хората с увреждания в съдебни процеси и процедури, представляват „процедурни улеснения“. ● разумни улеснения – съгласно определението в член 2 от кпху, „разумни улеснения“ означава всякакви необходими и подходящи промени и приспособявания, които не водят до непропорционално или неоправдано обременяване на околните, когато такива са необходими във всеки конкретен случай, за да се осигури на човека с увреждане признаването или упражняването на всички права и основни свободи наравно с всички останали.“ ● подкрепено вземане на решения с/у заместващо вземане на решения – подкрепеното вземане на решения е модел, който съгласно кпху следва 21 общ коментар № 1 на комитета на оон за правата на хората с увреждания, параграф 12, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g14/031/20/pdf/g1403120.pdf?openelement. виж също бележка под линия 4 относно подхода на българското законодателство към правосубектността. 22 виж международни принципи и насоки за достъп до правосъдие на хора с увреждания, достъпни тук: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/disability/sr_disability/goodpractices/access-to-justice-en.pdf, стр. 9. 01 въведение 12 да бъде заложен в правните системи и законодателствата, и който изисква на хората с увреждания да се предоставят редица възможности за подкрепа, включително подкрепа от страна на хора, на които те имат доверие (напр. семейство, приятели, връстници, застъпници, адвокати, преводачи, комуникационни посредници), за да се подкрепи и подобри способността им сами да вземат решения за себе си. за разлика от него, заместващото вземане на решения е модел, залегнал в много правни системи и законодателства, който лишава хората с увреждания от правото да вземат решения за себе си, а вместо това делегира на други лица правото да вземат решения от името на хората с увреждания (най-често става дума за поставяне под запрещение и определяне на настойник или попечител, в зависимост от формата на запрещението). този модел, въпреки продължаващото му разпространение в правните системи по света, е в пряко противоречие с кпху и нарушава автономността и правосубектността на хората с увреждания. ● равенство с/у равнопоставеност– думите равенство и равнопоставеност често се използват като взаимозаменяеми, но те имат различно значение. „равнопоставеността“ означава, че на всеки човек или група хора се предоставят еднакви ресурси или възможности. „равенството“ отчита, че всеки човек има различни обстоятелства, и му се осигуряват точните ресурси и възможности, необходими за постигане на равен резултат. равенството може да се определи като предоставяне всекиму на това, от което се нуждае, за да успее. с други думи, равенство не означава да се дава на всеки точно едно и също нещо. ако дадем на всеки точно едно и също нещо, очаквайки, че това ще направи хората равнопоставени, то се предполага, че всички са започнали от едно и също място – а това може да бъде изключително неточно, защото хората не са еднакви.23 ● достъп с/у достъпност – достъп означава възможността или правото да направиш нещо или да влезеш на дадено място. например, ако имате служебна карта, имате достъп до работните си помещения. достъпността се отнася до проектирането на продукти, устройства, услуги или среда, така че да могат да се използват от хора със или без увреждания, като включва също и информация и комуникации. физическата достъпност, 23 повече по темата, вкл. с визуално онагледяване на разликата можете да намерите тук: https://www.internationalwomensday.com/missions/18707/equality-versus-equity-what-s-the-difference-as-we-embraceequity-for-iwd-2023-and-beyond 01 въведение 13 например, включва създаването на безбариерна среда, в която хората с увреждания могат да се движат свободно (например: системни решения за стълбища и тежки врати за хора, използващи инвалидни колички) или могат да получат самостоятелен и свободен достъп до информация (например: наличието на документи на брайлова азбука или във формат „лесно за четене“).24 ● медицински модел с/у основан на човешките права модел на увреждането – медицинският модел на увреждането поставя акцент върху състоянието на човека, което се разбира като пряка причина за неговото увреждане, докато моделът, основан на човешките права, от друга страна, поставя човека в центъра на всички решения, които го засягат, поставя акцент върху присъщото достойнство на човешкото същество и бариерите, създадени от обществото, и взаимодействието на тези бариери с всеки отделен човек с увреждане.25 при него се отчита, че социалните, поведенческите, правните и други бариери често пречат на хората с увреждания да се ползват от правата на човека наравно с всички останали. 24 насоки на оон за език, приобщаващ хората с увреждания: https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/disability-inclusive-language-guidelines.pdf 25 anna lawson & angharad e. beckett (2021 г.) the social and human rights models of disability: towards a complementarity thesis (социалният модел и моделът, основан на правата на човека относно уврежданията: към теза за взаимно допълване), the international journal of human rights, 25:2, 348-379, doi: 10.1080/13642987.2020.1783533. 14 права на хората с увреждания: между-народна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 02 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 15 конвенцията на оон за правата на хората с увреждания (кпху/конвенцията) се приема за ключов инструмент в международната правна рамка, уреждаща правата на хората с увреждания.26 целта на конвенцията е да насърчава, защитава и гарантира пълноценното и равноправно упражняване на всички права на човека и основни свободи от хората с увреждания и да способства за зачитане на вътрешно присъщото им човешко достойнство.27 важно е да се отбележи, че кпху включва общите коментари към нея, които представляват авторитетни тълкувания на конвенцията, издадени от комитета на оон по правата на хората с увреждания (комитета).28 сред най-относимите общи коментари (ок) по темата на настоящия наръчник са ок относно член 12 (равнопоставеност пред закона),29 член 9 (достъпност),30 член 19 (независим живот и включване в общността),31 член 5 (равенство и забрана на дискриминация).32 комитетът и специалният докладчик по правата на хората с увреждания също така са издали важни насоки за прилагане на кпху, включително насоки по член 14 относно правото на хората с увреждания на свобода и сигурност на личността,33 както и международните принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания (международните принципи).34 26 кпху и факултативният протокол към нея влязоха в сила на 3 май 2008 г. това е първият всеобхватен договор за правата на човека, който е отворен за подписване от организации за регионална интеграция. конвенцията на оон за правата на хората с увреждания е приета на 13 декември 2006 г. и е отворена за подписване на 30 март 2007 г. конвенцията е събрала 82 подписа, което е най-големият брой подписали конвенция в деня на нейното откриване, в историята на оон. united nations department of economic and social affairs. ”convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (crpd)”. достъпно тук. 27 общо събрание на оон, конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания: резолюция / приета от общото събрание, a/res/61/106, 24 януари 2007 г., чл. 1, достъпна тук: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/a_res_61_106.pdf 28 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, създаден с конвенцията (член 34), наблюдава изпълнението на конвенцията от държавите – страни по нея. комитетът, наблюдаващ прилагането на кпху издава общи коментари и заключителни бележки за държавите, които са страни по конвенцията, относно напредъка им в прилагането. 29 общ коментар 1 е достъпен тук на английски език https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-1-article-12-equal-recognition-1 и на български език тук: https://e-justice.bg/api/part/getblob?hash=1acd7677026e7d0fa15b8151ca2352e1 30 общ коментар 2 е достъпен на английски език тук: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-2-article-9-accessibility-0. 31 общ коментар 5 е достъпен тук: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no5-article-19-right-live. 32 общ коментар 6 е достъпен на английски език тук: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no6-equality-and-non-discrimination. 33 насоките относно правото на свобода и сигурност на хората с увреждания се съдържат в приложението към a/72/55, двугодишния доклад на комитета за 2016 г. 34 оон, специален докладчик за правата на хората с увреждания, международни принципи и насоки за достъп до правосъдие за хора с увреждания (2020 г.). 02 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 16 сред най-важните задължения, посочени в кпху, които българия (и съответните ѝ представители) поема, за да гарантира правото на справедлив съдебен процес, са следните: ● забрана на всякаква дискриминация въз основа на увреждане и гарантиране на хората с увреждания на равна и ефективна правна защита срещу дискриминация на всички основания.35 ● гарантиране, че правото на съдебен процес трябва да бъде признато на всички хора с увреждания, на всички нива на системата на наказателното правосъдие, без дискриминация, и че конструкции като „когнитивна негодност“ и „ментална негодност“36, определяни например въз основа на оценки на функционалното или менталното състояние (които са обичайни в повечето правни системи), не се използват за ограничаване на правото на правосубектност.“37 ● предоставяне на необходимата подкрепа, за да могат хората с увреждания да вземат решения, които имат правна сила.38 тези мерки за подкрепа „трябва да зачитат правата, волята и предпочитанията на хората с увреждания и никога не трябва да представляват заместващо вземане на решения“.39 ● своевременно установяване и разпознаване на пречките и подходящите мерки за подкрепа, за да се даде възможност за ефективно участие в производството на заподозрян или обвиняем в наказателно производство, чрез първоначална оценка, извършвана от полицейски служители, правоприлагащи или съдебни органи, както и от други компетентни органи, включително независими експерти. 40 35 съгласно член 2 от кпху „дискриминация по признак на увреждане“ представлява „(…) всякакво правене на разлика, всякакви ограничения или изключения, основаващи се на увреждане, имащи за цел или последица нарушаване или отменяне на зачитането, признаването или равноправното упражняване на всички права на човека и основни свободи в политическата, икономическата, социалната, културната, гражданската или всяка друга област. това включва всякакви форми на дискриминация, включително отказ за предоставяне на разумни улеснения; (…)“ 36 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания е пояснил, че кпху категорично отхвърля прилагането на понятия и стандарти като „невменяемост“ като дискриминационни и в нарушение на конвенцията. ето защо комитетът призова за премахване на всички подобни стандарти от системите на наказателното правосъдие в държавите – страни по кпху. използването на института на невменяемостта в на наказателното правосъдие е не само дискриминационно, но и води до задържане на лица въз основа на техните увреждания в противоречие с член 14 от кпху. 37 пак там, международни принципи, параграф 1.2.c. 38 кпху, ок № 1, параграф. 16. 39 кпху, ок № 1, параграф. 17. 40 препоръка на комисията от 27 ноември 2013 г. относно процесуалните гаранции за уязвими лица, заподозрени или обвиняеми в наказателното производство, съображение 6. 02 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 17 ● предприемане на мерки за осигуряване на индивидуализирани процедурни улеснения, съобразени с пола и възрастта, в съответствие с волята и предпочитанията на съответното лице.“41 тези улеснения включват всякакви необходими и подходящи промени и приспособявания, за да може лицето само да взема решения за себе си във всеки конкретен случай,42 а именно: 1) достъп до комуникационни посредници 2) приспособяване на процедурите и 3) промени, приспособяване на средата и комуникационна подкрепа, за да се гарантира достъпа до правосъдие на хората с увреждания.43 улесненията следва да бъдат организирани преди началото на производството и всички участници следва да бъдат информирани за тяхната наличност в хода на процесуалното производство.44 освен това те следва да бъдат достъпни и в цифров вид. това е особено важно в контекста на дистанционните съдебни заседания и използването на видеовръзки. ● право на достъп до правни съобщения и информация по своевременен и достъпен начин, наравно с всички останали, както и да разполагат с информация за правосъдните системи и процедури, включително съобщения, които изискват отговор или предприемане на действие, в достъпен формат (включително жестов език и аудиоръководства, телефонни линии за консултации и услуги за насочване и т.н.), който е съвместим и с различни форми на допълващи и алтернативни способи за комуникация, както нискотехнологични, така и високотехнологични.45 ● гарантиране, че лицата са информирани за правата си устно или писмено, на достъпен език, като се вземат предвид всички специфични нужди и пречки пред заподозрените/обвиняемите лица с интелектуални и 41 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 26. 42 световна здравна организация, “supported decision-making and advance planning: who quality rights specialized training,” (подкрепено вземане на решения и предварително планиране: специализирано обучение на сзо за правото на кчество), 1 януари 2019 г., достъпно тук 43 un international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities (международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания), принцип 3.2.d. 44 пак там, принцип 3, насока 3.1, стр.15. 45 член 21 от кпху, международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания, принцип 4. 02 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 18 психосоциални увреждания и че при поискване могат да получат информация за процесуалните си права в достъпен формат.46 ● гарантиране, че на заподозрените или обвиняемите, които не говорят или не разбират езика на наказателното производство, се осигурява ефективен, точен и обективен устен превод както от гледна точка на рецептивния език (т.е. разбиране на това, което хората с увреждания казват), така и на експресивния език (т.е. наличие на уменията, необходими за предаване на информацията обратно на тези лица).47 ● предоставяне на безплатна или финансово достъпна правна помощ, която е компетентна и навременна. също така, за да могат хората с увреждания да участват наравно с всички останали във всяко процесуално производство, а техните адвокати да изпълняват професионалните си задължения следва да са налични с процедурни улеснения, като например устни преводачи, помощни технологии и комуникационни посредници, или с необходимите ресурси за подпомагане на ефективната комуникация с клиентите, свидетелите и други хора с увреждания. ● гарантиране, че заподозрените и обвиняемите имат право да присъстват на съдебния процес срещу тях48 и че правото им на презумпция за невиновност е надлежно гарантирано.49 по-голямата част от тези права, включително правото на информация, правото на устен и писмен превод, правото на достъп до адвокат и правната помощ, са защитени и в рамките на европейския съюз чрез съответното законодателство на ес, като например директиви и препоръки на европейската комисия.50 българия е ратифицирала кпху през 2012 г., и се е ангажирала да прилага нейните разпоредби без каквито и да било резерви. българия разполага с правни механизми, които да гарантират спазването на международните стандарти в областта на правата на човека. конституцията признава 46 препоръка на комисията относно процесуалните гаранции за уязвими лица, които са заподозрени или обвиняеми в наказателно производство (2013/c 378/02), раздел 3 – права на уязвимите лица, право на информация. 47 директива 2010/64/ес на европейския парламент и на съвета – членове 1, 2, 4 и 5; кпху, международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания. 48 член 14.3 от международен пакт за граждански и политически права; член 8.2 от директива 2016/343/ес. 49 директива (eс) 2016/343 относно укрепването на някои аспекти на презумпцията за невиновност и на правото на лицата да присъстват на съдебния процес в наказателното производство, член 3 50 препоръка на комисията относно процесуалните гаранции за уязвими лица, които са заподозрени или обвиняеми в наказателно производство (2013 г.) – препоръка на комисията относно процесуалните права на заподозрените и обвиняемите, които са обект на предварително задържане, и относно материалните условия на задържане (2022 г.). 02 права на хората с увреждания: международна правна рамка и правна рамка на ес 19 върховенството на ратифицираните международни договори, включително договорите, свързани с правата на човека, а от съдилищата се очаква да тълкуват националните закони съобразно международните задължения на българия. чл. 5. (4)51 от конституцията на република българия постановява, че международните договори, ратифицирани от република българия, са част от вътрешното право на страната и имат предимство пред тези норми на вътрешното законодателство, които им противоречат. това означава, че международните договори в областта на правата на човека, ратифицирани от българия, имат предимство пред националните закони, които им противоречат. ето защо от българските съдилища се очаква да тълкуват националните закони по начин, съответстващ на международните задължения на страната. същевременно българските съдилища признават принципа на прякото прилагане на международните договори за правата на човека. това означава, че ако националното законодателство предоставя по-слаби гаранции от тези, осигурени от международните договори, лицата могат директно да се позовават на разпоредбите на тези договори пред националните съдилища. 51 конституцията гласи, че „международните договори, ратифицирани по конституционен ред, обнародвани и влезли в сила за република българия, са част от вътрешното право на страната. те имат предимство пред тези норми на вътрешното законодателство, които им противоречат.“ https://www.parliament.bg/en/const. 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 20 обвиняемите с увреждания и съдебната система 03 обвиняемите с увреждания и съдебната система 21 неотдавнашното ни изследване показа, че българия все още не е въвела механизми, които да позволяват идентифициране на хората, които се нуждаят от улеснения, в ранните фази на наказателното производство.52 същевременно, когато се установи, че дадено лице има интелектуално или психо-социално увреждане, се изисква оценка (от съдебен лекар), за да се оцени/потвърди „невменяемостта“ на лицето, а не за да се прецени какви са нуждите от подкрепа, за да му се даде възможност за ефективно участие в производството. ако се установи „невменяемост“ на даден обвиняем, той обикновено е подложен на период на принудителна институционализация, принудително лечение в съдебно-психиатрично заведение или понякога в затвор. на практика, периодът на лишаване от свобода може да бъде неограничен, дори по-дълъг от наказанието, предвидено за същото престъпление. тези обстоятелства пораждат сериозна загриженост относно реализирането на правото на хората с увреждания да участват на равна основа с другите в съдебни процеси, относно справедливостта на тези процеси и техните резултати, както и способността на органите на наказателното правосъдие да изпълняват с дължимата грижа задълженията си по тези променящи живота въпроси. липсата на специализация и обучение по темата често се посочва като една от основните причини за недостатъчната информираност на органите на правосъдието относно уврежданията. хората с увреждания в българия са изправени и пред други форми на дискриминация и изключване, които могат да възпрепятстват достъпа им до правосъдие. дискриминацията въз основа на увреждане може да бъде утежнена от проявявана едновременно с това дискриминация въз основа на други идентичности или основания като пол, етническа принадлежност, бедност, образование.53 това, заедно с предразсъдъците и липсата на подкрепящи 52 проект enable, национален доклад за българия, 2023 г., фондация кера, достъпен на английски език: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ и на български език тук: https://www.kerafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/final_kera_2023_06_19_national-briefing-paper_bulgaria_bg.pdf 53 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 16. както е изяснено от кпху в общ коментар № 6: “[д]искриминацията може да се основава на една характеристика, като например увреждане или пол, или на множество и/или комбинация от характеристики. „междусекторна дискриминация“ се проявява, когато лице с увреждане или свързано с увреждане е подложено на дискриминация под каквато и да е форма на основание на увреждане, съчетано с цвят на кожата, пол, език, религия, етнически произход, пол или друг статус. междусекторната дискриминация може да се прояви като пряка или непряка дискриминация, отказ на разумно улеснение или тормоз.” кпху, ок № 6, параграф 19. 03 обвиняемите с увреждания и съдебната система 22 услуги в общността, са стълбовете на взаимозависимите причини за неравностойно положение, чиито жертви често са обвиняемите с увреждания. както отчита комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания в своя общ коментар № 6, в действителност хората с увреждания не се ползват от правата си на равна основа с останалите поради различни фактори, като „лишаване от правосубектност, принудителна институционализация, изключване от общото образование, широко разпространени негативни стереотипи, предразсъдъци и липса на достъп до трудова заетост“.54 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания задължава държавите да прилагат подход на „приобщаващо равенство“,55 представляващ „нова концепция за равенството, залегнала в цялата конвенция“, която „се основава на подхода за осигуряване на равенство по същество“ и „разширява и доразвива“ съдържанието на правото на равенство, като включва: „а) аспект на справедливо преразпределение за справяне със социално-икономическите неравенства; (б) аспект на признаването за борба със стигмата, стереотипите, предразсъдъците и насилието и за признаване на достойнството на човешките същества и тяхната взаимосвързаност; (в) аспект на участието, за да се потвърди социалната същност на хората като членове на социални групи и на човечеството като цяло чрез включване в обществото; и (г) аспект на улесненията, за да се направи място за различията като въпрос на човешко достойнство.“ конвенцията се основава на приобщаващо равенство.“56 54 кпху, общ коментар № 6, параграф 8. 55 в проекта на общ коментар № 6 комитетът е възприел концепцията за равенство, предложена в становището на sandra fredman и други учени. моделът на fredman за равенство преследва четири основни цели: „компенсиране на социално-икономическото неравностойно положение, свързано с уврежданията; справяне със стигмата, стереотипите, предразсъдъците и насилието; повишаване на участието; и приемане на различията чрез постигане на структурни промени“. вж.: sandra fredman, meghan campbell, shreya atrey, jason brickhill, nomfundo ramalekana, sanya samtani, achieving transformative equality for persons with disabilities (постигане на трансформиращо равенство за хората с увреждания): становище до комитета на оон по правата на хората с увреждания относно общ коментар № 6 по член 5 от кпху, достъпно на: cprd-submission-1.pdf (ox.ac.uk).. 56 ок № 6, параграф 11. 03 defendants with disabilities and the justice system 23 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 24 правосъдната система в българия, както в много други страни, изисква обвиняемият да има определено ниво на „ментален капацитет“, за да бъде съден, което в повечето доктрини се дефинира като „вменяемост“. решението за способността на обвиняемия да участва в процеса се основава най-вече на становището на съдебни психиатри, на които е специално възложено да оценят тази способност. понякога съдът може да не се съобрази с тази експертиза, но обикновено клиничното мнение взема превес. след като обвиняемият бъде признат за невменяем, делото се прекратява. въпреки това тези обвиняеми се настаняват в психиатрични болници за принудително лечение и поради периодичното удължаване на принудителното лечение „обвиняемите могат да останат в наказателно-правосъдната система много по-дълго в сравнение с продължителността на присъдата, която биха получили по общия ред.“57 в крайна сметка обвиняемите с увреждания нямат достъп до същите форми и на защита като останалите обвиняеми, като например самозащита, принуда и включително липсата на вина (mens rea). по този начин медицинската диагноза може да бъде използвана, за да се обоснове изключването на дадено лице от равноправно участие в правосъдния процес. tова поражда сериозно притеснение относно презумпцията за невиновност, а именно едно лице може да бъде задържано с години за принудително лечение, без съдът да проучи действителната му вина и отношение към престъплението, което накърнява целта на наказателния процес като цяло.58 „… обвиняемите с увреждания следва да бъдат оценявани въз основа на действителното им състояние на ума по време на извършване на деянието, като се отчита как формирането на намерението или знанието по отношение на престъплението, за което са обвинени, може да е било повлияно от субективното възприятие или преживяването на стрес от лицето. независимо дали това съответства на представата на другите за разумно или очаквано. отчитането на субективното измерение на менталния елемент на престъплението е необходимо, за да се гарантира, че лицата с увреждания имат възможността да се възползват от доктрината за mens rea, на равна основа с другите. освен това обвиняемите 57 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’ (прилагане на кпху в наказателноправосъдните системи – кратък доклад), r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub (център на знание – достъп до правосъдие), юли 2022 г., не е публично достъпно. 58 която в повечето юрисдикции има за цел да защити личността, обществото и държавата от престъпления, както и да защити личността и обществото от неправомерни действия от страна на лица, заемащи властови позиции, в работата им, свързана с разследването на предполагаеми или извършени престъпления, така че всяко лице, извършило престъпление, да бъде наказано според вината му и никой невиновен да не бъде подведен под наказателна отговорност и осъден. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 25 следва да могат да представят доказателства, свързани с наличието на потисничество, небалансирани властови отношения или насилие и как те влияят върху възприятията на обвиняемия. с други думи, при субективното разглеждане на mens rea е необходимо да се вземат предвид специфичните за случая аспекти, така че да се гарантира, че увреждането се разглежда в социален контекст.“59 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания призовава незабавно да се преустанови отнемането на правото на отделния човек на презумпцията за невиновност и тказа да се предоставят надлежните процесуални гаранции, признати в международното право и приложими за всяко лице, както и да се отменят законите, които въвеждат такива практики.60 всички тези въпроси по същество са свързани с правосубектността. държавите трябва да гарантират, че правосубектността на хората с увреждания се признава на всички нива на системата на наказателното правосъдие, без дискриминация. всички хора с увреждания са ползват от правосубектност, следователно на никого не може да бъде отказан достъпът до правосъдие въз основа на увреждането.61 кпху изисква от държавите „[д]а гарантират, че конструкции като „когнитивна негодност“ и „ментална негодност“, определяни например чрез оценки на функционалното или психическото състояние, които са обичайни в повечето правни системи, не се използват за ограничаване на правото на правосубектност“.62 както подчертава комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания в своя общ коментар № 1, в повечето държави: „когато едно лице се смята, че е с нарушени способности за вземане на решения, често поради когнитивно или психо-социално увреждане, неговата правосубектност да вземе конкретно решение е отстранена като следствие от това.“63 59 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’ (прилагане на кпху в наказателноправосъдните системи – кратък доклад), r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub (център на знание – достъп до правосъдие), юли 2022 г., не е публично достъпно. 60 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 39. 58 международни принципи, принцип 1 62 пак там, международни принципи, параграф 1.2.c. 63 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, общ коментар № 1, 11 април 2014 г., достъпен на: general comment no. 1 – article 12: equal recognition before the law (adopted 11 april 2014) – plain english version | ohchr, параграф. 15. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 26 това представлява „функционален подход“, който „се опитва да оцени когнитивния капацитет и отрича в съответна степен правосубектността“. при този подход определянето обикновено „се основава на това доколко човекът може да разбере естеството и последиците от решението и/или доколко той или тя могат да използват или преценяват относимата информация“. комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания категорично подчертава, че отнемането на правосубектност (което в българското право засяга дееспособността) въз основа на функционалния подход е дискриминационно. всъщност този функционален подход предполага, че способностите за вземане на решения на човек с увреждане са недостатъчни и то по начин, който се отнася единствено за хората с увреждания, и „предполага, че е възможна точна преценка на взаимовръзките в човешкия мозък“, което води до отнемане на права.64 във всеки един случай трябва да се изхожда от общото допускане, че всички хора са способни да вземат и съответно да носят отговорност за собствените си решения и действия.65 лишаването от правосубектност (дееспособност в българския контекст), независимо дали е официално регламентирано или е резултат от неформални или общоприети и дългогодишни правни практики, процеси и процедури, води до изключване от съдебни производства и други процесуални действия. то оказва сериозно влияние върху правото на хората с увреждания на справедлив съдебен процес в рамките на надлежната съдебна процедура.66 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания осъжда често срещаните ограничения на правата на хората с увреждания, като например лишаването от правото да бъдат изслушвани лично, да се защитят в производството, да предоставят и оспорват доказателства.67 всички „инструменти за защита“ на правата на хората с увреждания не трябва да се „основават на лишаване от правосубектност или на възпрепятстване по друг начин на достъпа на хората с увреждания до правосъдие“.68 64 комитет на оон за правата на хората с увреждания, общ коментар № 1 (2014 г.), член 12: равнопоставеност пред закона, crpd/c/gc/1 (19 май 2014 г.), параграф 15. 65 пак там. 66 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 34. 67 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 34. 68 ок № 6, параграф 49 (c). 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 27 а. съдебна практика преюдициално запитване до съда на ес (дело с-467/2018) предмет на преюдициално запитване от районен съд луковит в българия до съда на европейския съюз (сес) е въпросът за прекратяване на наказателното производство и замяната му с принудително лечение.69 в своето решение70 сес потвърждава недостатъците на подобна практика71 и критикува съществуването на съдебно производство, което позволява лица в състояние на невменяемост да бъдат настанявани в психиатрични заведения поради терапевтични съображения и съображения за сигурност, без съдът да проверява дали са спазени определени процесуални права на тези лица.72 освен това сес уточнява, че презумпцията за невиновност трябва да се тълкува в смисъл, че изисква прокурорът да докаже в рамките на съдебното производство, че лицето, чието настаняване се иска, е действителният извършител.73 medina vela с/у мексико (№ 32/2015) в становището си по делото medina vela с/у мексико (№ 32/2015),74 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания установява нарушение на член 12 от кпху, когато държавата е отказала на лицето с увреждане възможността да упражни своята правосубектност да не се признае за виновно, да оспори доказателствата срещу себе си, да посочи адвокат и да оспори всички решения.75 държавата е решила да приложи специална процедура за лица, които не са наказателноотговорни, и е обявила жалбоподателя за „негоден да бъде свидетел“.76 в този случай комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания припомня, че държавите са длъжни да признаят, че хората с увреждания се 69 преюдициалното запитване е достъпно на български език на: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=206294&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=bg&cid=2144006 и на английски език на: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=206294&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=en&cid=2144006 70 решение от 19.09.2019 г. на съда на ес по дело с-467/2018, достъпно на български език на: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=217905&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=bg&cid=2144006и на английски език на: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=217905&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=en&cid=2144006 71 решението на съда потвърждава недостатъците на тази процедура и нейното несъответствие с директива 2012/13/ес относно правото на информация в наказателното производство и директива 2013/48/ес относно правото на достъп до адвокат в наказателното производство. 72 тълкуване на съда на ес на чл. 47 от хартата на основните права на европейския съюз, както и на чл. 8, параграф 2 от директива 2012/13/ес и чл. 12 от директива 2013/48/ес, точка 2 от решението. 73 тълкуване на съда на ес на чл. 3 от директива (ес) 2016/343 относно укрепването на някои аспекти на презумпцията за невиновност и на правото на присъствие на съдебния процес в наказателното производство и чл. 51, параграф 1 от хартата на основните права с оглед на чл. 427 и следващите от гпк, точка трета и четвърта от решението. 74 съображения, приети от комитета по член 5 от факултативния протокол относно съобщение medina vela с/у мексико, № 32/2015, 15 октомври 2019 г. 75 пак там, параграф. 10.6. 76 пак там, параграф. 10.4. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 28 ползват с правосубектност на равна основа с другите във всички аспекти на живота, и да осигурят достъп на хората с увреждания до подкрепата, от която може да се нуждаят при упражняването на своята правосубектност.77 marlon james noble с/у австралия (№ 7/2012) в становищата си по делото marlon james noble с/у австралия (№ 7/2012) комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания се фокусира върху отказаната правосубектност на хора с интелектуални увреждания. жалбоподателят е човек с интелектуални увреждания, на който са повдигнати обвинения за две криминални престъпления, но е обявен за невменяем и е арестуван. жалбоподателят претендира нарушаване на различни права, включително правото му на свобода и правото на достъп до правосъдие. комитетът установява нарушение на тези права и подчертава, че държавите трябва „(д)а осигурят адекватни мерки за подкрепа и улесняване на хората с психични и интелектуални увреждания, за да имат възможност да упражняват своята правосубектност пред съда, когато е необходимо (…)”.78 doolan с/у австралия (№ 18/2013) комитетът е включил подобни препоръки в становището си по съобщение doolan с/у австралия (№ 18/2013).79 авторът на съобщението е мъж с психосоциални увреждания, който е задържан под стража, след като му е било повдигнато обвинение в проява на агресия.80 той претендира нарушаването на няколко права, включително на правата му по членове 12, 13, 14 и 15 от кпху, тъй като е обявен за невменяем и е лишен от правосубектност.81 станев с/у българия по делото станев с/у българия82 европейският съд по правата на човека (еспч) установява нарушение на член 6, параграф 1 (право на справедлив съдебен процес) от екпч в резултат на това, че на жалбоподателя е бил отказан достъп до съд, за да поиска възстановяване на правосубектността. съдът установява и нарушения на членове 3 (забрана на изтезанията), 5 (право на свобода и сигурност) и 13 (право на ефективни правни средства за защита) от екпч. в този случай г-н станев е бил поставен под ограничено запрещение и впоследствие настанен в социална институция. условията на живот в социалната институция са били изключително лоши, но на г-н станев не е било позволено да оспори 77 пак там, параграф. 10.6. 78 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, съображения, приети от комитета по член 5 от факултативния протокол относно съобщение № 7/2012, un doc. crpd/c/16/d/7/2012 (2016 г.). 79 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, съображения, приети от комитета по член 5 от факултативния протокол относно съобщение № 18/2013, un doc. crpd/c/22/d/18/2013, параграфи 9–10. 80пак там, параграфи. 1-2.7. 81пак там, параграф. 3.5. 82 станев с/у българия, жалба № 36760/06, решение от 17 януари 2012 г., (2012) 55 ehrr 22, § 241. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 29 настаняването си в институцията без съгласието на неговия попечител за започване на процесуално производство.83 в решението си съдът се позовава на членове 12 и 14 от кпху и постановява, че в частност правото да поиска от съд да преразгледа поставяне под запрещение се оказва едно от най-важните за лицето, тъй като след като е започнато едно такова производство, то е определящо за упражняването на всички права и свободи, засегнати от поставянето под запрещение, включително що се отнася за ограниченията, които могат да бъдат наложени на свободата. 84 щукатуров с/у русия в делото щукатуров с/у русия,85 еспч постановява, че е налице нарушение на член 6 от екпч, тъй като на жалбоподателя не е била предоставена възможност да участва в производството по определяне на неговата правосубектност. съдът е установил и нарушение на членове 5 и 8 от екпч. жалбоподателят е имал „психично разстройство“, бил е поставен под запрещение от руските съдилища и е бил затворен в психиатрична болница против волята си.86 по подобен начин по делото николян с/у армения съдът установява, че липсата на достъп до съд на жалбоподателя в производствата по развод и изселване, както и в производствата, в които той е искал възстановяване на правосубектността си, е нарушен член 6, параграф 1 от екпч.87 по това дело съдът се позовава и на член 8 от екпч (право на зачитане на личния и семейния живот), като установява, че „вътрешната правна система не прави разлика между различните степени на негодност на лицата, страдащи от психично разстройство, и не е предвидила мерки за защита, съобразени с индивидуалните нужди на съответното лице“. по делото блохин с/у русия голямата камара на еспч установява нарушение на член 6, параграф 1 (право на справедлив съдебен процес) и член 3 (забрана на изтезанията), като констатира, че „правото на защита“ на жалбоподателя е било нарушено.88 жалбоподателят – 12-годишно дете с психично и невроповеденческо разстройство – е бил разпитан от полицията без достъп до правна помощ и не му е било позволено да оспори показанията на двама свидетели, послужили като основание за временното му задържане под стража.89 европейският съд по правата на човека по-често признава относимостта и прилагането на кпху. в решенията си еспч поставя акцент върху процесуалноправните стандарти. по-специално съдът постановява, че правото 83 вж. обобщение на делото https://mdac.org/en/content/stanev-v-bulgaria-gc 84 станев срещу българия, жалба № 36760/06, решение от 17 януари 2012 г., (2012) 55 ehrr 22, § 241 и параграф. 5. 85 щукатуров с/у русия, еспч, 27 март 2008 г, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=003-2302658-2460255 86 пак там, параграфи 6–25. 87 николян с/у армения, 3 октомври 2019 г. 88голяма камара на еспч, блохин с/у русия, жалба № 47152/06, решение от 23 март 2016 г., параграф 216. 89 пак там, параграфи 10–54. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 30 на справедлив съдебен процес предполага достъп до ефективни средства за защита и че лишаването от свобода по причини, свързани с психичното здраве следва да съдържа както обективен, така и субективен елемент, за да не бъде то произволно (станев с/у българия).90 в други случаи съдът подчертава значението на процесуалните гаранции като участие в производството (щукатуров с/у русия),91 достъп до съда (николян с/у армения),92 или достъп до информация (z.h. с/у унгария)93 , за да се гарантира зачитането на правото на свобода. като цяло съдът съсредоточава аргументацията си върху процесуалните гаранции и „правото на защита“, както в делото блохин с/у русия.94 въпреки това правните стандарти, разработени в рамките на тази съдебна практика, изглежда не гарантират такова ниво на защита, каквото се изисква от кпху. докато еспч определя изискванията, необходими за избягване на произволно задържане по причини, свързани с психичното здраве, член 14, параграф 1 от кпху пояснява, че „само по себе си наличието на увреждане в никакъв случай не бива да бъде основание за лишаването им от свобода“. следователно, съгласно кпху, задържането под стража на лица на основание на тяхно психично разстройство би било само по себе си произволно. освен това еспч е установил нарушения на екпч въз основа на липсата на процесуални гаранции в производство по поставяне под запрещение и се позовава на различни степени на негодност (николян с/у армения).95 от друга страна, в член 12, параграф 2 от кпху ясно се посочва, че „хората с увреждания се ползват с правоспособност и дееспособност наравно с всички останали във всички сфери на живота“, без позоваване на различни степени на правосубектност. б. практически насоки и препоръки 1. признаване и приемане на пълна правосубектност и право на обвиняемите с увреждания да участват във всички фази на производството и във всички съдилища. a. осигуряване на хората с увреждания необходимата подкрепа и улеснения, за да могат да упражняват своята правосубектност, в нейната цялостност, включваща правоспособност и дееспособност; 90 еспч, станев с/у българия, жалба № 36760/06, решение от 17 януари 2012 г. 91 еспч, щукатуров с/у русия, жалба № 44009/05, решение от 27 март 2008 г. 92 еспч, николян с/у армения, жалба № 74438/14 , решение от 3 октомври 2019 г. 93 еспч, z.h. с/у унгария, жалба № 28973/11, решение от 8 февруари 2013 г. 94 голяма камара на еспч, блохи с/у русия, жалба № 47152/06, решение от 23 март 2016 г. 95 еспч, николян с/у армения, жалба № 74438/14, решение от 3 октомври 2019 г. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 31 b. гарантиране, че понятия като „когнитивна негодност“ и „ментална негодност“, определени например чрез оценка на функционалното или умственото състояние, няма да се използват за ограничаване на правото на дадено лице на правосубектност, включващо дееспособност. c. гарантиране, че обвиняемите, които преди това са били поставени под запрещение ще участват в съдебни производства, и ще имат право да обжалват или да поискат по друг начин възстановяване на правосубектността си (вкл. дееспособност) и ще имат достъп до улеснения и помощни средства, както и до правна помощ за участие в съдебни производства. d. съдиите и другите органи на правосъдието следва да насочат вниманието на законодателите към всяка правна норма, която нарушава кпху. e. ако обвиняемият с увреждане е действал без необходимия умисъл (mens rea) в обичайното значение на термина, следва той да бъде третиран по същия начин, както всеки друг обвиняем, който е действал без умисъл.96 2. гарантиране, че всички заподозрени и обвиняеми с увреждания се смятат за невиновни до доказване на вината им съгласно закона. a. презумпцията за невиновност може да бъде засегната още по време на досъдебното производство. 3. вместо да ползва института на невменяемостта, държавата следва да създаде механизми за подкрепа и улесняване на хората с увреждания в системата на наказателното правосъдие. a. това може да включва използване на комуникационни посредници, застъпници и други лица и процеси за подкрепа (вж. повече за комуникационните посредници в българия в раздел 6.1 по-долу). b. възстановителното правосъдие може да бъде справедлив начин за отклоняване на обвиняеми с увреждания от системата на наказателното правосъдие. 96 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’ (прилагане на кпху в наказателно правосъдните системи – кратък доклад), юли 2022 г., стр. 19. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 32 c. подобряването на системата за публична защита е друга важна стъпка, която ще подпомогне процеса на премахване на интервенциите, основани на „вменяемостта“. служебните защитници и всички адвокати „трябва да разбират въздействието на системата на наказателното правосъдие върху хората с увреждания, да общуват ефективно и да признават и да бъдат верни на принципите на правосубектността“.97 4. гарантиране, че всички оценки, правени на обвиняеми с увреждания преди и по време на съдебното производство, имат за цел да определят процедурните улеснения и подкрепата, необходими за да се осигури пълноценно и ефективно участие на тези обвиняеми в производството; a. тези оценки трябва да отчитат волята и предпочитанията на лицето с увреждане. 5. осигуряване на безопасно, справедливо и ефективно ангажиране на хората с увреждания с производството и възможност за пълноценно участие в производството a. осигуряване на приспособявания и улеснения и помощни средства, включително комуникационни посредници, където и когато е необходимо, за да се даде възможност за ясна комуникация сред и между хората с увреждания и съда; и подкрепящи услуги или лица. 6. преглед на политиките, насоките и практиките a. преразглеждане на всички политики, насоки и практики, които пряко или косвено ограничават правосубектността (включваща, както беше посочено по-горе и дееспособността) на хората с увреждания, включително тези, които приемат и прилагат доктрините за „невменяемост“, които възпрепятстват хората с увреждания да участват в процесуални действия поради въпроси относно тяхната правосубектност или определянето ѝ; b. преглеждане на всички политики, насоки и практики, които упълномощават медицински специалисти да бъдат единствените или предпочитани „експерти“ за определяне на това как, до каква степен и с каква подкрепа хората с увреждания могат да участват в процесуално производство; 97 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’ (прилагане на кпху в наказателно правосъдните системи – кратък доклад), r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub (център на знание – достъп до правосъдие), юли 2022 г., не е публично достъпно. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 33 c. преглеждане на политиките, насоките и практиките, включително съдебните заповеди, които постановяват задържане (в затвор, психиатрично заведение или друга институция) на обвиняем с увреждане за определен или неопределен срок въз основа на предположение, че е опасен или се нуждае от грижа. 7. обучаване на полицейските служители относно улесненията за различните видове увреждания и относно правата на хората с увреждания, за да се избягват стереотипите или неправилното разбиране на някои поведения. 8. реформата на наказателното правосъдие трябва да отчита превенцията на престъпността a. обвиняемите с увреждания обикновено са бедни, имат ниско или никакво образование и никаква подкрепа в общността, освен психиатрични грижи. следователно предотвратяването на престъпността и рецидивизма би изисквало междусекторен подход, както и създаване на ефективна система от услуги в общността 9. законодателят следва да включва лицата с увреждания, които са имали опит с наказателното правосъдие, в центъра на всички усилия за реформа. в. обещаващи практики швеция премахва института на невменяемостта през 1965 година. шведското законодателство признава mens rea („престъпна умисъл“) като елемент на престъплението, но предвижда, че психичното състояние на обвиняемия не може да се взема предвид при определяне на вината. по-скоро психичното разстройство на лицето може да бъде взето предвид при постановяване на присъдата. следователно виновен обвиняем с психо-социално увреждане може да бъде настанен в съдебномедицинско заведение за лечение. срокът на настаняването в институцията е безсрочен, но лицето трябва да бъде освободено, когато изискванията за принудително психиатрично лечение вече не са налице. ето защо, въпреки че обвиняемите в швеция имат право делата има да бъдат разглеждани и възможност да принудят държавата да докаже тезата си, резултатът – безсрочно настаняване в институция – може да бъде същият като за обвиняемите, които успешно използват института на невменяемостта в страните, които го допускат. 04 презумция за невиновност и правосубектност 34 в коментарите си към белгия комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания препоръчва промени в законодателството, които да гарантират, че хората с увреждания, „които са извършили престъпление … ще бъдат съдени по обичайната наказателна процедура, на равна основа с другите и със същите гаранции, макар и със специфично приспособяване на процедурите, за да се гарантира тяхното равнопоставено участие в системата на наказателното правосъдие“. през 2009 г. върховният комисар по правата на човека пише, че признаването на правосубектността на хората с увреждания изисква замяна на наказателноправната защита, основана на „психическо или интелектуално увреждане“, с „неутрални по отношение на уврежданията“ доктрини. в португалия законът гарантира, че всички лица се ползват от правосубектност чрез схемата на „придружаващо пълнолетно лице“, която позволява, ако дадено лице не може да упражнява правата си, то е възможно от съда да бъдат поискани необходимите мерки за придружаване. мерките могат да бъдат поискани от прокуратурата, от самите лица и от съпруга или друг роднина със съгласието на лицето. в испания закон 8/2021 признава правосубектността на всички хора с увреждания, поставянето под запрещение е премахнато, а съдебните мерки за подкрепа на хората с увреждания се приемат като крайна мярка. по този начин испанското законодателство е преминало от система на заместващо вземане на решения към система на подкрепено вземане на решения. 04 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 35 прилагане на правата на обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 36 процедурните улеснения все още не са признати нито като задължение на държавата, нито като право на обвиняемия с увреждания. освен изискването за преводачи на жестов език, може да се заключи, че не са налице реални процедурни улеснения. и все пак, процедурните улеснения са от съществено значение за осигуряване на достъп до правосъдие за хората с увреждания и за реализиране на редица права на човека, включително правото на правосубектност (в нейната комплексност, включваща правоспособност и дееспособност), участие, информация, устен превод, адвокат и правна помощ. трудно е да се очертаят всички възможни улеснения за хора с увреждания, тъй като те са специфични за всеки отделен случай и зависят от индивидуалната ситуация. съгласно член 12, параграф 3 от кпху националните органи трябва: „да осигурят приложимо и изпълнимо право на получаване на индивидуално определени процедурни улеснения, включително подкрепата, необходима на хората с увреждания, за да могат да участват ефективно във всички производства пред всеки съд, трибунал или орган за разрешаване на спорове.“ комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания „последователно е посочвал, че процедурните улеснения следва да се предоставят въз основа на „свободния избор и предпочитанията“ на съответното лице“.98 службата на върховния комисар на оон за правата на човека (un ohchr) посочва,, че „съдията или отговорното лице следва да обърне първостепенно внимание на искането на лицето с увреждане, тъй като то най-добре знае какви са неговите нужди от улеснения.“99 освен това в становището си по съобщението medina vela с/у мексико (№ 32/2015),100 комитетът е установил нарушение на член 13 от кпху (ефективен достъп до правосъдие на равна основа с другите) поради неосигуряване от страна на мексико на процедурни улеснения. в този случай държавата е лишила жалбоподателя от възможността да упражни правото си на достъп до 98 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 26. 99 свкпч на оон, report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (доклад – право на достъп до правосъдие съгласно член 13 от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания) (декември 2017 г.), a/hrc/37/25, параграф 26. 100 съображения, приети от комитета по член 5 от факултативния протокол относно съобщение № 32/2015, 15 октомври 2019 г., параграф 10.7. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 37 правосъдие, като не е осигурила възможността му да участва в съдебното производство. на жалбоподателя не е било позволено да свидетелства, да опровергава доказателства или да присъства на съдебни заседания, отнасящи се до собственото му дело. освен това жалбоподателят не е бил уведомен за решенията, взети по неговия случай. искането за образуване на специално производство не е гарантирало, че ще бъдат осигурени процедурни улеснения, които да позволят на жалбоподателя да получи достъп до правосъдие на равна основа с другите. комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания е разгледал значението на предоставянето на процедурни улеснения и в становището си по съобщението gemma beasley с/у австралия № 11/2013.101 жалбоподателката по това дело е глуха и е била призована да бъде съдебен заседател по наказателно дело. била ѝ е отказана обаче помощта на преводач на жестов език или друго процедурно улеснение, което би ѝ позволило да изпълни функцията си.102 в препоръките си комитетът припомня задължението на държавата да осигури разумни и процедурни улеснения, които да ѝ позволят пълноценно участие.103 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания принцип 3 „хората с увреждания, включително децата с увреждания, имат право на подходящи процедурни улеснения.“104 за да се предотврати (…) дискриминацията и да се гарантира ефективно и равнопоставено участие на хората с увреждания във всяко процесуално производство, държавите трябва да предприемат мерки за осигуряване на индивидуализирани процедурни улеснения за хората с увреждания, съобразени с пола и възрастта им. тези улеснения включват всякакви необходими и подходящи промени и приспособявания, необходими в съответния конкретен случай, включително: • достъп до комуникационни посредници; • приспособяване на процедурите; 101 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, съображения, приети от комитета по член 5 от факултативния протокол относно съобщение № 11/2013, un doc. crpd/c/15/d/11/2013 (2016 г.). 102 пак там, параграфи 1–2.3. 103 пак там, параграф 9. 104 международни принципи и насоки, принцип 3. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 38 • промени, приспособявания на заобикалящата среда и комуникационна подкрепа, за да се осигури достъпът до правосъдие на хората с увреждания. улесненията следва да се организират преди началото на производството.105 полицейските служители, прокурорите и другите лица, участващи в задържания под стража и разследвания на престъпления, следва да са запознати с правата на хората с увреждания, да внимават за вероятността дадено лице да има увреждане и да адаптират по съответния начин действията си в хода на задържането под стража или разследването.106 независими трети лица, като например адвокати или други хора, следва да имат право да придружават хората с увреждания в полицейския участък, за да им помагат в процеса на разследването, включително, например, при снемане на пръстови отпечатъци или даване на биологична проба.107 всички участници в процесуалното производство трябва да бъдат уведомени за възможностите за процедурни улеснения, ако те са необходими или поискани поради наличието на увреждане.108 важно е също така да се отбележи, че ако по време на полицейските разпити на лицето с увреждане не са осигурени процедурни улеснения, възможно е тези разпити да бъдат обявени за незаконни от съда, което може да възпрепятства правораздаването. а. искания и предложения за улеснения съгласно международните принципи държавите следва да приемат законодателство и да изготвят насоки, които да дават възможност на „хората с увреждания да подават искания за процедурни улеснения, включително промени или подкрепа в хода на процесуалните действия, при подходяща защита на неприкосновеността на техния личен живот“.109 в хода на процесуалното производство всички участници трябва да бъдат „уведомени за възможностите за процедурни улеснения, ако са необходими такива или са поискани поради наличието на увреждане“.110 105 пак там, принцип 3, насока 31, стр.15. 106 международни принципи, стр. 16. 107 международни принципи, насока 3.2(i). 108 международни принципи, стр. 17. 109 международни принципи, параграф 32(k). 110 пак там, параграф 32(l). 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 39 международните принципи също така обясняват, че държавите следва да гарантират наличието на процедурни улеснения, за да дадат на хората с увреждания възможност да изберат начина, по който да се защитават.111 комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания посочва основната разлика между процедурните улеснения и разумните улеснения. докато разумните улеснения са ограничени от концепцията за непропорционалност, процедурните улеснения нямат такова ограничение.112 ето защо държавите трябва да осигурят възможност на всички хора с увреждания да имат достъп до всички процедурни улеснения, от които могат да се нуждаят, за да участват пълноценно в съдебните процеси. задължението да се определи кои улеснения са необходими и те да се предоставят, съществува дори когато въпросното лице не е поискало такива улеснения. комитетът определя оставянето на отговорността за искане на улеснения само на хората с увреждания като налагане на „непропорционална или неоправдана тежест“ върху тези и бездруго маргинализирани лица.113 въпреки че лицето с увреждане може да избере да не приеме предложените или осигурени от държавата улеснения, държавата все пак е длъжна да предложи и да осигури улеснения (определени след консултация със самото лице с увреждане). независимо от тези задължения, в българия, както и в други държави – членки на ес, няма насоки за органите на правосъдието във връзка с искането и/или предлагането на процедурни улеснения.114 твърде често на хората с увреждания не се вярва, когато те съобщават за своите увреждания и потребности. органите на правосъдието следва добросъвестно да допуснат, че съобщаването за увреждане от страна на лицата и техните искания за улеснения са точни и необходими, освен когато се докаже обратното по ясен начин и на обективна основа. 111 международни принципи, параграф. 5.2 f. 112 ок № 6, параграф 25 d. 113 параграф 25 (b). 114 проект enable, национален доклад за българия, 2023 г., фондация кера, достъпен на английски език: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ и на български език тук: https://www.kerafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/final_kera_2023_06_19_national-briefing-paper_bulgaria_bg.pdf, стр.16. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 40 практически насоки и препоръки 1. правото на обвиняемия на справедлив съдебен процес на равна основа с другите трябва да се спазва от първия контакт със служителите на правоприлагащите органи и по време всички процесуални действия, чрез достъп до процедурни улеснения. a. всички органи на правосъдието трябва да гарантират, че на хората с увреждания са осигурени улесненията, които да направят възможно участието им във всяка процедура – от първия контакт с правоприлагащите органи и по време всички процесуални действия. b. хората с увреждания следва да участват в определянето на тяхното увреждане. твърдението на дадено лице, че има увреждане, е достатъчно, за да задължи органите да направят пълна оценка с цел определянето му, като вземат предвид мнението на лицето. c. в рамките на системата на наказателното правосъдие следва да бъдат осигурени подходящи подкрепящи услуги, за да се гарантира предоставянето на процедурни улеснения на хората с увреждания. i. когато е необходимо да се установят потребностите от процедурни улеснения, това трябва да става в началото на производството, във възможно най-ранния момент. ii. подготовката за процедурните улеснения и за друго приспособяване на съдебното заседание трябва да се направи преди самото съдебно заседание/съдебен процес. 2. всички участници, включително обвиняемите с увреждания, следва да бъдат информирани за правата си и за наличието на процедурни улеснения в хода на производството. a. oбвиняемите трябва да са запознати с възможността да ползват процедурни улеснения по време на цялото производство и знаят, че могат да ги поискат по всяко време, като съответните представители на наказателното правосъдие (в това число и адвокатите), следва да са положили всички усилия за това. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 41 b. искането за улеснения не следва да е задължение единствено на обвиняемия. всички органи на правосъдието и представители на съдебната власт имат проактивно задължение да инициират предоставянето на улеснения. 3. следва да се разработи и приложи цялостна процедура за разпознаване, искане, оценка и предоставяне на индивидуална подкрепа на хората с увреждания. добра практика в испания искане за процедурни улеснения може да подаде всяка от страните, прокурора, съдията или самото лице с увреждане. полицията може да ги поиска, когато … с лице с увреждане. 4. всички органи на правосъдието трябва да разработят и прилагат ясни и ефективни процедури за процедурните улеснения, когато лице с увреждания, по-специално с интелектуални и/или психосоциални увреждания, е изправено пред системата на наказателното правосъдие. a. следва да се изготви ръководство или наръчник за процедурните улеснения за наказателното правосъдие, за да се улесни подходът на органите на правосъдието към хората с увреждания. b. всички заинтересовани страни трябва да си сътрудничат, за да създадат по-единна и ефективна рамка за осигуряване на подходящи процедурни улеснения за обвиняемите с увреждания. необходима е ефективна координация между представителите на правосъдието на национално, регионално и местно равнище. c. всички процедурни улеснения следва да са съобразени с пола и възрастта. 5. системни препоръки a. правосъдната система следва да разработи и приеме правила/насоки, които признават правото на получаване на съобразени с възрастта и пола процедурни улеснения, включително необходимата подкрепа, за да могат 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 42 обвиняемите с увреждания да упражняват своята правосубектност и да участват ефективно във всички съдебни производства.115 b. органите на правосъдието и националните органи следва да се консултират отблизо с хората с увреждания и техните представителни организации и да ги включват активно във всички обсъждания и вземането на всички решения относно процедурните улеснения. б. индивидуална оценка за определяне на процедурни улеснения наред с търсенето на информация от лицето относно неговите нужди от улеснения, необходим и подходящ процес за осигуряване на пълноценно и правилно участие на хората с увреждания в наказателното производство е изготвянето на индивидуална оценка. индивидуалната оценка следва да се използва: „за определяне на конкретните пречки, които лицето с увреждане среща (…) и на неговите специфични нужди от подкрепа. чрез нея се определя как да се премахнат или преодолеят пречките, каква подкрепа и процедурни улеснения са необходими и как да се осигурят. в идеалния случай индивидуалната оценка трябва да се направи още при първия контакт със съответните органи на правораздаването“.116 в правото на ес, в препоръката относно уязвимите лица се посочва, че е важно уязвимостта да се установи и признае.117 в препоръката се предвижда, че: „за тази цел следва да се извършва първоначална преценка от полицейските служители, правоприлагащите или съдебните органи. компетентните органи следва също така да могат да искат от независим 115 включват: адаптиране на мястото на провеждане; подходящи места за изчакване; премахване на тогите и перуките; адаптиране на темпото на провеждане на заседанията; отделни входове на сградата и чакални и защитни паравани за отделяне на хората с увреждания от останалите, ако това е необходимо поради физически или емоционален стрес; промени в метода на задаване на въпроси при подходящи обстоятелства, като например допускане на насочващи въпроси, избягване на сложни въпроси, намиране на алтернативи на сложни хипотетични въпроси, предоставяне на допълнително време за отговор, разрешаване на почивки при необходимост и използване на достъпен и ясен език; използване на видеозапис на доказателствата и свидетелските показания от досъдебното производство, ако това е необходимо, практично и възможно, по такъв начин, че да не се нарушават основни права, като например правото да задава въпроси на свидетелите, да оспорва доказателствата, да осъществи кръстосан разпит на свидетелите. 116 фондация „валидити“, наръчник “гласове за справедливост”: общуване с жертви на престъпления с увреждания, стр.22, вж: voices-for-justice-toolchest_bg-.pdf (validity.ngo) 117 съображение 6, препоръка на комисията от 27 ноември 2013 година относно процесуалните гаранции за уязвими лица, които са заподозрени или обвиняеми в наказателно производство. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 43 експерт да провери степента на уязвимост, нуждите на уязвимото лице и доколко предприетите или планираните спрямо него мерки са подходящи.118 съответните лица (заподозрени или обвиняеми) следва да имат правото да оспорят тази преценка.“119 отговорността за тези индивидуални оценки обикновено се носи от органите, отговарящи за различните фази на наказателното производство и в частност различните специалисти в наказателно правосъдната система на практика обаче процесът за изготвяне на индивидуална оценка може да бъде иницииран, осъществен и координиран чрез подкрепящи услуги, социални работници, правоприлагащи органи, съдебни служители, назначени от съда експерти и други специалисти. определен тип компетентна институция или специалист може да бъде задължен със закон или съдебна заповед да провежда и актуализира систематично индивидуалната оценка в наказателното производство.120 като цяло органите на правосъдието следва да поемат отговорност да гарантират, че такива оценки са направени и че характерът на тези оценки е довел до мерки, които са осигурили справедлив процес на хората с увреждания, съответстващ на задълженията на държавите по кпху. съгласно наръчника на фондация „валидити“,121 насочен към жертвите с увреждания, индивидуалната оценка следва: • да се провежда систематично от първия контакт с правосъдната система. информацията може да се споделя по начин, който не нарушава поверителността на лицето и гарантира, че неговите нужди са разбрани и удовлетворени; • да зачита правосубектността на лицето, както и неговата воля и предпочитания; • да използва мултидисциплинарен подход и мултидисциплинарен екип, за да включва необходимите специалисти с необходимия експертен опит. за хората с увреждания това може да включва, например, подкрепящо лице, социален работник, експерт по комуникации, адвокат; 118 пак там. 119 пак там, съображение 7. 120 фондация „валидити“, наръчник “гласове за справедливост”, стр. 24. 121 фондация „валидити“, наръчник “гласове за справедливост”, стр.24–25. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 44 • да посочва ясно бариерите, с които се сблъсква лицето с увреждане, и каква подкрепа и процедурни улеснения са необходими за преодоляване на тези бариери, включително кой носи отговорността за осигуряването им и как те ще бъдат предоставени на практика; • да се провежда постоянно, така че потребностите и бариерите да могат да бъдат идентифицирани и преодолявани на всички фази на процеса; • да бъде определено конкретно лице за контакт, към което лицето с увреждане винаги може да се обърне с молба за допълнителни или различни форми на подкрепа и процедурни улеснения. проблеми и предизвикателства качеството на информацията, с която разполагат компетентните органи, включително органите на правосъдието, определя ефективността на улесненията, които могат да бъдат разработени и предоставени, като се вземат предвид волята, предпочитанията и потребностите на лицето. тази информация следва да бъде събрана целенасочено и възможно най-бързо, преди започване на разпита, чрез предварителна оценка, с оглед на търсената ефективност. на практика информацията за уврежданията може да е труднодостъпна по различни причини. обвиняемият може да се чувства некомфортно или да се страхува да съобщи за своето увреждане поради стигма или недоверие към органите на наказателното правосъдие, дължащо се на неговите възприятия и/или опит. това усещане може да е дори още по-силно, например при жените обвиняеми, поради обществената стигма и преобладаващата дискриминация въз основа на пола и увреждането (поотделно и едновременно). освен това обвиняемият може всъщност да не осъзнава собственото си увреждане или въздействието, което то може да окаже върху способността му да участва ефективно в съдебни процеси и процедури. освен това ускореният характер на някои наказателноправни производства може да затрудни от практическа гледна точка, провеждането на оценка от компетентен специалист преди първия разпит и привидно да утежни съдебния процес и различните инстанции. на практика организациите, защитаващи правата на хората с увреждания съобщават, че в българия не съществува методология за идентифициране на уврежданията в системата на наказателното правосъдие. когато липсва медицинска документация, специалистите в сферата на правосъдието трябва да 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 45 разчитат на личния си усет и познания, за да определят дали дадено лице има увреждане и дали това се отразява по някакъв начина на способността му да участва в съдебни процеси и процедури. ако органите на правосъдието сметнат, че има нещо „нередно“ в начина, по който дадено лице общува или се държи, и подозират, че съществуват доказателства, че лицето е извършило предполагаемото престъпление, те обикновено отправят искане за съдебно-медицинска експертиза във връзка с увреждането на лицето. след това психиатър и психолог провеждат експертиза, която има за цел да определи вменяемостта на лицето. според някои от интервюираните лица тези оценки не са обективни, а насочени към определени резултати, водени са от диагнозата и са повлияни от предразсъдъци към тях като хора с увреждания. те също така съобщават, че заключенията от тези „експертизи“ често се приемат от органите на правосъдието без никакви съображения и след това доминират целия процес.122 в българия е установена една добра практика – оценка на социалното функциониране на хора с увреждания, изготвяна от нпо. такава оценка може да помогне, като предостави на съда информация за социалното функциониране и комуникационните нужди на лицето, което от своя страна може да помогне на съда да позволи да се осигури подкрепа за ефективното участие на лицето в съдебния процес. тази практика обаче е сравнително нова и досега е прилагана само в малко на брой дела.123 (вж. по-долу раздел 6 „добри практики“) практически насоки и препоръки 1. следва да се разработи и приложи практически механизъм за установяване на увреждането на ранна фаза от процедурата (индивидуална оценка), като се гарантира, че са предприети всички необходими мерки, за да може лицето с увреждане да премине през наказателната процедура на равна основа с другите. a. установяването на увреждането, например чрез индивидуална оценка, следва да се извърши в началото на наказателния процес, 122 проект enable, национален доклад за българия, 2023 г., фондация кера, достъпен на английски език: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ и на български език тук: https://www.kerafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/final_kera_2023_06_19_national-briefing-paper_bulgaria_bg.pdf; стр. 50 123 пак там, стр. 31, видео, което се обяснява целта на оценката и как тя може да се използва, достъпно на: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtqupc9uuj8. засега този инструмент е използван основно при граждански дела. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 46 в самото начало на производството и преди всякакви действия, които се предприемат в рамките на наказателното производство, например преди разпита в полицията. b. полицията и правоприлагащите органи, както и всеки друг орган на правосъдието или друго лице, участващо в установяване на увреждането, трябва да установят дали даден човек има увреждане, и да осигурят помощ, улеснения и подкрепа от ранните фази на производството. тези органи следва да бъдат подходящо обучени за изпълнението на това задължение и следва да могат да установят увреждането на ранна фаза от процеса. добра практика в някои държави, като обединеното кралство и испания, тази оценка може да бъде правена от комуникационните посредници. c. оценката и комуникацията в това отношение не следва да се използват за диагностициране или определяне на увреждането, а по-скоро за получаване на необходимата информация, за да може компетентният орган да определи, след консултация с лицето с увреждане, и да вземе решение за предоставяне на процедурни улеснения. 2. определяне и разпространение на добри практики по отношение на установяването на уврежданията и разработване на обучения с акцент върху основания на човешките права модел относно увреждането и какви приспособявания следва да се направят, за да могат хората с увреждания да участват на равна основа с другите.124 124 национален доклад за португалия. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 47 добра практика в българия съдилищата използват „оценка на социалното функциониране и специфичните нужди на хора с увреждания“, изготвена от нпо.125 оценката е разработена така, че да се използва при всички съдебни дела, в които участват хора с увреждания. нейната цел е да повиши ефективното им участие в съдебния процес и да подобри защитата на правата и интересите на лицето.126 3. когато индивидуалната оценка е заявена от органите на наказателното правосъдие, следва да се въведат правила и гаранции за обмен на информация и достъп до оценката на всички заинтересовани лица. 4. обвиняемият следва да участва в изготвянето на индивидуалната оценка, да я получи, когато тя стане готова, и да има право да я коментира, като при необходимост получи комуникационна и друга подкрепа. 5. съдиите и другите органи на правосъдието, както и адвокатите, следва да проверят дали е изготвена индивидуална оценка в началото на процеса. в. комуникационни посредници комуникационните посредниците (понякога наричани „независими посредници“) са специалисти, които при необходимост работят с различните специалисти в наказателно-правосъдната система и хора с увреждания, за да осигурят ефективна двупосочна комуникация с лицето с увреждане по време на процесуалното производство. специалистите, изпълняващи подобни функции се наричат по различен начин в различните държави напр. „комуникационни 125 проект enable, национален доклад за българия, 2023 г., фондация кера, достъпен на английски език: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ и на български език тук: https://www.kerafoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/final_kera_2023_06_19_national-briefing-paper_bulgaria_bg.pdf; , параграф. 3.2.6/стр. 31. 126 пак там. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 48 асистенти“ (австралия) или „специалисти за комуникационна подкрепа“ (сащ).127 комуникационните посредниците обикновено се определят и назначават от съда128 и тяхната цел е да улесняват комуникацията на съда в хода на производството във връзка с достъпа до правосъдие. те не са точно подкрепящи лица сами по себе си, а по-скоро канал за улесняване на ефективната комуникация, за да се гарантира, че обвиняемият или заподозреният разбира въпросите и може да бъде разбран от органите на правосъдието и другите участници в процесуалните действия. посредникът също така отделя време, за да разбере какви са комуникационните нужди на обвиняемия/заподозрения, и следва да бъде включен в делото във възможно най-ранния момент, в идеалния случай в момента, в който обвиняемият бива разпитван от полицията. чрез комуникационните посредници хората с увреждания могат да получат подкрепа за правене на информирани избори и ефективното им съобщаване. подкрепата се предоставя по различни начини в зависимост от конкретното увреждане на лицето, но винаги като се гарантира, че нещата се обясняват и се говори за тях по разбираем за лицето начин. комуникационните посредници имат също и ключовата роля да препоръчат подходящи улеснения и помощни средства, които могат да бъдат осигурени, за да способстват за ефективното участие на лицето в процесуалните действия.129 ролята на посредника в различните юрисдикции може да е различна. международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания принцип 1, насока 1.2.j задължава държавите: „да осигуряват посредници, където и когато е необходимо, за да се дава възможност за ясна комуникация сред и между хората с увреждания и съда, трибуналите и правоприлагащите органи, което да осигури безопасно, справедливо и ефективно включване и възможност за пълноценно участие в процесуалните действия“.130 127jisk – модул 2 – определяне на функцията на посредника в различни държави, стр.3, вж.: https://justiceintermediary.org/modules/ 128 например в обединеното кралство в член 18.27 от наказателно-процесуални правила (изменение) от 2021 г. се пояснява, че комуникационните посредници се назначават от съда. 129 пак там. 130 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания (2020 г.), стр. 9. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 49 комуникационните посредниците трябва да бъдат на разположение, за да улеснят комуникацията между хората с увреждания и служителите на правоприлагащите органи и на съда.131 съгласно международните принципи „посредниците са неутрални, те не говорят от името на хората с увреждания или на съдебната система, нито ръководят или влияят върху решенията или резултатите“.132 комуникационните посредниците предоставят подкрепа на хората с увреждания, за да могат да се ползват от своята правосубектност на равна основа с другите. 133 независими посредници, обучени да оказват помощ в комуникацията на страните в производството и съдебната система, следва да бъдат на разположение във всяка правосъдна система.134 най-добре е комуникационните посредниците да се разглеждат като експерти към съда и да носят отговорност пред съда или правосъдната система в по-широк смисъл. апелативен съд в англия описва по следния начин как посредник е помогнал на обвиняем с интелектуални и комуникативни затруднения по наказателно дело: „… използваше визуални средства, за да може [обвиняемият] да следи доказателствата; пишеше му прости изречения и провеждаше два пъти дневно срещи с [него] извън съда, за да обобщи миналите и бъдещите събития в процеса; помагаше му с папка-речник, за да обяснява по-трудните понятия; и в крайна сметка успя да му обясни задоволително каква е ролята на съдебните заседатели.“135 проблеми и предизвикателства в редица държави – членки на ес, фигурата на комуникационния посредник за обвиняеми с увреждания в наказателното производство, изобщо не е 131 пак там. 132 международни принципи, стр. 10. 133 международни принципи, принцип 3. 134 международни принципи, стр. 15. 135 r. v. dixon, [2013] ewca crim. 465ª достъпно на https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/ewca/crim/2013/465.html в: implementing the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities in criminal justice systems, a briefing paper (прилагане на конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания в системите на наказателното правосъдие, кратък доклад), юли 2022 г. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 50 регламентирана със закон.136 достъпът до комуникационни посредници също често е затруднен. дори в държавите, в които използването на посредници е залегнало в закона, няма ясни указания за практическите аспекти на организирането и разрешаването на тяхната дейност. например в испанското законодателство не е посочено кой може да изпълнява тази функция, каква квалификация се изисква за нея или как следва да се финансират комуникационните посредниците.137 в румъния например фигурата на комуникационния посредник не е регламентирана със закон, но на практика органите на наказателното правосъдие понякога търсят помощта на „неформални посредници/подкрепящи лица“, когато сметнат за подходящо (понякога те се наричат „посредници“, но не са регламентирани като такива).138 има случаи, в които съдът може да разпореди присъствието на психолог139 (когато става въпрос за жертва на престъпление, също и специалист по консултиране на жертви) по време на съдебното заседание, но само конкретно за жертвите на престъпления140 или за малолетни/непълнолетни,141 когато са жертви или свидетели.142 подобна разпоредба не е предвидена за обвиняемия или други участници в съдебния процес. от гледна точка на кпху възможност за подкрепа на хората с увреждания следва да се предоставя на всички участници във всички съдебни процеси и процедури, независимо в какво качество участва лицето с увреждане.143 в испания,144 гражданският процесуален закон и законът за доброволната юрисдикция изрично предвиждат улеснения за хората с увреждания и дават 136 вж. например румъния, литва (национално изследване в литва по проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.13), словения (национално изследване в словения по проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.56), португалия (национално изследване в португалия по проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.39), словакия (национално изследване в словакия по проект enable, април 2023 г., стр.16). 137 национален доклад за испания, раздел 3.1.2.2/стр. 20. 138 clr, национален доклад по проекта enable, румъния, април 2023 г., стр.12. 139 в разпоредбите на румънския наказателен кодекс е посочено, че само психологът и специалистът по консултиране на жертви трябва да присъстват на изслушването по дела с жертви на престъпления (пълнолетни или непълнолетни). а в случай на непълнолетни свидетели разпоредбите определят само присъствието на психолог в съдебно заседание. партньорите по проекта не разполагат с данни относно първоначалното обучение или продължаващото обучение на психолозите в тези случаи. 140 чл. 111, параграф 6, буква b) от наказателния кодекс, румъния, вж: clr, национален доклад по проект enable, румъния, април 2023 г., стр. 12. 141 чл. 111 (81 ) наказателен кодекс, румъния, вж: clr, национален доклад по проект enable, румъния, април 2023 г., стр. 12. 142 чл. 124 (1) наказателен кодекс, румъния, вж: clr, национален доклад по проект enable, румъния, април 2023 г., стр. 12. 143 clr, национален доклад по проект enable, румъния, април 2023 г., стр.23. 144 национално изследване по проект enable, испания, април 2023 г., стр.21. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 51 разрешение „експерт-специалист да действа като посредник, за да осигури необходимите адаптации и улеснения, така че лицето с увреждане да разбира и да бъде разбирано“.145 въпреки това, независимо че тази функция е призната от закона, тя не е допълнително регламентирана и детайлизирана чрез насоки и политики. това означава, че няма нормативна уредба относно това кой може да изпълнява тази функция, каква квалификация, експертни познания и опит се изискват за това, нито как трябва да се финансират тези позиции и от кого. според организацията plena inclusión, автор на националното проучване в рамките на проект enable, в повечето случаи уврежданията се откриват едва след съдебния процес и поради това обикновено в производството не участват посредници, въпреки че испанското законодателство позволява тяхното включване.146 вж. повече за фигурата на кп в българия по-долу в раздел 6 „добри практики“. практически насоки и препоръки 1. когато е необходимо, следва да се назначи посредник, който да подпомага комуникацията по време на полицейските разпити на лицето с увреждане, заподозряно в престъпление. 2. като форма на процедурно улеснение на обвиняемите с увреждания следва да се осигуряват комуникационни посредници, когато и където е необходимо, за да се даде възможност за ясна комуникация между тях и съда, да се гарантира тяхното безопасно, справедливо и ефективно участие и да им се предостави възможност за пълноценно участие във всички фази на производството. a. на разположение на хората с увреждания следва да бъдат осигурени достатъчно на брой обучени комуникационни посредници от самото начало на производството и на всички фази от правораздавателния процес. b. следва да се провежда системно обучение за ролята на комуникационните посредници. c. използването на комуникационните посредници не следва да води до разходи за хората с увреждания. в противен случай 145 пак там. 146 национално изследване по проект enable, испания, април 2023 г., стр.29. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 52 това би било дискриминация. 3. системни препоръки: a. в дългосрочен план в националното законодателство и правилата, приложими за съдилищата, следва да се включат процедурни улеснения, включително възможността за комуникационен посредник, за да се гарантира пълното прилагане на кпху в съдебните системи. b. разработване на кодекс за поведение на комуникационните посредници, който може да включва следното: кой може да бъде посредник, какви условия трябва да бъдат изпълнени, етичен кодекс, необходимостта да се запази неутрална роля в процеса, санкции. г. право на придружаване от страна на подкрепящо лице, което може да включва роднина правото на придружаване от подкрепящо лице, което може да включва роднина, не е пряко предвидено в кпху, но е съществен елемент в набора от мерки за осигуряване на равен достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания. по-конкретно, член 12, параграф 3 от кпху изисква от държавите да осигурят на хората с увреждания достъп до необходимата им подкрепа за упражняване на тяхната правосубектност. ако е организирано , по подходящ начин, това придружаване може да се приеме като подходяща подкрепа. комитетът на оон по правата на хората с увреждания тълкува термина „подкрепа“ в член 12 като достатъчно широко понятие, включващо възможността хората с увреждания да могат да изберат едно или повече доверени подкрепящи лица, които да ги подпомагат при упражняване на тяхната правосубектност.147 принцип 3 от международните принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания прави изрична препратка към задължението на държавите да гарантират правото на придружаване. 147 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, ок № 1, параграф 17. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 53 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания принцип 3, насока 3.2. d изисква от държавите да осигурят процедурни улеснения като: „d) позволят на хората с увреждания, на всички фази от процеса, ако те пожелаят, да бъдат придружавани от член на семейството, приятели или други лица, които да им оказват емоционална и морална подкрепа, без обаче да заменят ролята на посредника.“ тези подкрепящи лица играят важна и специфична роля, която се различава от тази на комуникационните посредници. както е обяснено в предходния раздел (раздел iv.1.3), посредниците може да имат различни функции, но като цяло предлагат практическа подкрепа за улесняване на комуникацията и за осигуряване на подходящи улеснения. членовете на семейството, приятелите и други доверени лица могат да предлагат морална и емоционална подкрепа. 148 практически насоки и препоръки 1. още при първия контакт с органите на реда и правосъдието хората с увреждания следва да бъдат информирани за тяхното право да бъдат придружавани от лице по техен избор, което може да включва и член на семейството. a. осигуряване, че довереното лице може да присъства по време на всички фази на производството. b. изготвяне на процедура за посочване на подкрепящо лице и приемане на подходящи правни разпоредби за регламентиране на тази процедура. c. даване на възможност на хората с увреждания да изберат подкрепящото ги лице. не правете допускане, че подкрепящото лице непременно ще бъде член на семейството или че лицето с увреждане непременно ще иска да използва подкрепящо лице. d. подкрепящото лице да не замества комуникационния посредник. посредникът и подкрепящото лице имат различни роли и когато е необходимо, наличието и на двамата следва да бъде гарантирано 148 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие за хора с увреждания, принцип 3.2.d. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 54 на всички фази на производството (вж. повече относно комуникационните посредници в българия в раздел 6.1 по-долу). 2. следва да има възможност за пряк контакт с довереното лице (лице в лице). контактът само чрез телефонно обаждане може да се окаже неподходящ за някои лица и обстоятелства, например за лица със сензорни увреждания или глухи лица. д. приспособяване и промени на процедурите член 13 от кпху изисква от държавите да „осигуряват на хората с увреждания ефективен достъп до правосъдие наравно с всички останали, включително чрез предоставяне на процедурни и подходящи за възрастта им мерки за подкрепа“. в общ коментар № 1 на комитета на оон по правата на хората с увреждания относно равенството пред закона се пояснява, че хората с увреждания може да се нуждаят от подкрепа за достъп до правосъдие и тази подкрепа „може да приема различни форми, включително признаването на различни методи за комуникация, което позволява видео показания в определени ситуации, различни улеснения в рамките на процедурата, предоставянето на професионален превод на жестов език и други помощни методи“.149 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания приемане на такива процедури за съдебните заседания, които да гарантират справедливо третиране и пълноценно участие на хората с увреждания. например: 150 (i) адаптиране на мястото на провеждане; (ii) подходящи места за изчакване; (iii) премахване на тогите и перуките; (iv) адаптиране на темпото на провеждане на заседанията; (v) отделни входове на сградата и чакални и защитни паравани за отделяне на хората с увреждания от останалите, ако това е необходимо поради физически или емоционален стрес; (vi) промени в метода на задаване на въпроси при подходящи обстоятелства, като например допускане на насочващи въпроси, избягване на сложни 149 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, общ коментар № 1 относно член 12: равно признаване пред закона, crpd/c/gc/1 (2014 г.), параграф. 39. 150 международни принципи, стр.16. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 55 въпроси, намиране на алтернативи на сложни хипотетични въпроси, предоставяне на допълнително време за отговор, разрешаване на почивки при необходимост и използване на опростен и ясен език; (vii) използване на видеозапис на доказателствата и свидетелските показания от досъдебното производство, ако това е необходимо, практично и възможно, по такъв начин, че да не се нарушават основни права, като например правото да се задава въпроси на свидетелите и да ги подложи на кръстосан разпит. практически насоки и препоръки 1. гарантиране, че съдебните сгради, включително зоните за изчакване, винаги са в достатъчна степен адаптирани и достъпни за хора с увреждания – и са съобразени със специфичните нужди на лицето. a. например, ограничаване на това да са пред погледа на други хора, ако това е необходимо.151 b. адаптиране на местата за сядане и позиционирането на лицето, при необходимост (например когато адвокатите, седят с гръб към обвиняемия в съда, може да има нужда от адаптиране). c. контактът с правосъдната система не бива да е смущаващ – например е възможно полицейските служители да не използват униформи, може да е полезно да обстановката да е по-малко официална и смущаваща. 2. увереност, че темпото на заседанието е подходящо адаптирано – например, осигуряване на кратки заседания, чести почивки. 152 3. осигуряване на услуги от животни асистенти, които да помагат на хората с увреждания, когато чакат в съда или при даване на показания153. 151 наръчник от обединеното кралство 152 стартов наръчник за комуникационни посредници, модул 7, улеснения, стр.5. 153 според наръчника за достъп на хора с увреждания на колежа на правосъдието на щата виктория, австралия, животно асистент е животно, обучено да изпълнява задачи или функции, които помагат на човека с увреждане да облекчи последиците от увреждането. това включва животни, обучени да вдигат вещи за хора с двигателни увреждания, животни, обучени да помагат на хора с припадъци, или да осигуряват комфорт на уязвими свидетели, когато чакат в съда или когато дават показания от разстояние. понастоящем тази практика се използва и в сащ и обединеното кралство. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 56 е. подкрепа за осъществяване на комуникация всеки има право да разбира и да бъде разбиран във всеки съдебен процес и процедура, така че достъпът до правосъдие да бъде гарантиран на всички. в член 2 от кпху „комуникация“ се определя както следва: включва всякакви езици, зрително представяне на текст, брайлова азбука, тактилна комуникация, уголемени шрифтове, достъпни мултимедии, както и всякакви писмени, звукови, опростен език, дикторски, допълващи и алтернативни способи, средства и форми на комуникация, включително достъпни информационни и съобщителни технологии.154 там се съдържа и определение за „език“ – включва говоримите и знакови езици, както и всякакви други форми на неговорим език.155 съгласно член 4 от кпху държавите са задължени да инициират и насърчават проучването и разработването, както и да популяризират създаването и използването на нови технологии, включително информационни и съобщителни, на помощни средства за осигуряване на мобилност, на спомагателни устройства и технологии, подходящи за хора с увреждания, като се дава приоритет на тези с достъпна цена.156 освен това държавите са длъжни да осигуряват достъпна информация на хората с увреждания относно наличието на помощни средства за осигуряване на мобилност, на спомагателни устройства и технологии, както и на всякакви други форми на помощ, подкрепящи услуги и съоръжения.157 по смисъла на член 9 от кпху държавите трябва да предприемат подходящи мерки за осигуряване за хората с увреждания на равен достъп до физическата среда на живеене, до транспорта, информацията и комуникациите, включително до информационните и комуникационните системи и технологии и до всички останали удобства и услуги, отворени или предназначени за широката общественост.158 член 21 от кпху изисква от държавите да предприемат подходящи мерки за даване възможност на хората с увреждания да упражняват правото си на свобода на мнението и изразяването, включително свободата да търсят, 154 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпна тук 155 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпна тук 156 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпна тук 157 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпно тук 158 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпна тук 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 57 получават и споделят информация и идеи, наравно с всички останали, като използват предпочитани от тях форми на комуникация.159 в общ коментар № 2 на комитета на оон по правата на хората с увреждания се посочва, че информационните и комуникационните технологии включват интернет, мобилни телефони, радио, телевизия, компютри и компютърно оборудване.160 задължение на държавите е да осигурят достъп на хората с увреждания до интернет и другите информационни и комуникационни технологии.161 в общия коментар се пояснява също така, че член 9 от кпху изисква всички обществени сгради и места да осигуряват подкрепа за хората с увреждания, включително: (1) поставяне на ясни обозначения на брайлова азбука или в други лесни за четене и разбиране форми; и (2) услуги за комуникация и подкрепящи услуги, включително хора, които могат да водят лицата с увреждания из сградата или да общуват на жестов език.162 всички процеси в правосъдната система трябва да осигуряват необходимата техническа и друга подкрепа, за да могат обвиняемите с увреждания да използват всички форми на комуникация, необходими163 за пълноценното им участие, включително: (i) системи и устройства, подпомагащи чуването (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания); 164 (ii) отворени и затворени надписи, и надписи в реално време, декодери и устройства за затворени надписи (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания); 165 (iii) телекомуникационни продукти, базирани на глас, текст и видео (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания); 159 конвенция за правата на хората с увреждания (2006 г.), достъпна тук 160 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, „общ коментар № 2 (2014 г.) относно член 9: достъпност“, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014 г.), достъпно тук 161 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, „общ коментар № 2 (2014 г.) относно член 9: достъпност“, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014 г.), достъпно тук 162 комитет на оон по правата на хората с увреждания, „общ коментар № 2 (2014 г.) относно член 9: достъпност“,, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014 г.), достъпно тук 163 международни принципи, стр. 16. 164 вж. например: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/assistive-devices-people-hearing-voice-speech-or-language-disorders 165 вж. например: https://www.washington.edu/doit/what-difference-between-open-and-closed-captioning. информация на български език е достъпна тук: https://www.repporter.com/bg/tehnologii/262-2019-01-19-17-03-27 (бележка на преводача). 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 58 (iv) видеотекстови дисплеи (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания); (v) компютърно подпомогната транскрипция в реално време (полезна в случай на слухови увреждания, когнитивни или обучителни затруднения);166 (vi) софтуер за четене на екрани, софтуер за увеличение и оптични четци (полезни при зрителни увреждания);167 (vii) устройства за видеоописание и вторично звуково програмиране, които събират звуковите емисии на телевизионните програми (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания). пригодността на телефонните и видеоконференциите е възможно да трябва се определя за всеки отделен случай.168 в някои случаи тези варианти ще бъдат напълно непригодни за хората с увреждания, в други случаи ще изискват промяна на настойките и режимите, но все пак използването им може значително да подобри способността на хората с увреждания да участват в процесуални действия. в допълнение към комуникационните посредници и доверените лица, разгледани по-горе, други подкрепящи лица също могат да помагат на хората с увреждания по различни начини. такива лица могат да бъдат: i. лица, водещи записки; (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания, интелектуални и психосоциални увреждания, когнитивни или обучителни увреждания); ii. квалифицирани преводачи на жестов език и устни преводачи (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания, говорни увреждания); 169 iii. релейни услуги (полезни в случай на слухови увреждания, говорни увреждания); 170 iv. тактилни преводачи (полезни в случай на слухови или зрителни увреждания).171 166 виж например: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/computer-aided-real-time-transcription-cart/ 167 виж например: screen readers and screen magnifiers | american foundation for the blind (afb.org) 168 международна комисия на юристите, „съдилищата и covid-19“ (5 май 2020 г.), стр. 5. 169 виж например: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/sign-language-interpreters/ 170 виж например: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/telecommunications-relay-service-2/ 171 виж например: https://wfdb.eu/interpretation/ 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 59 практически насоки и препоръки 1. осигуряване на подкрепа за комуникация и достъп до информация чрез комуникационни посредници (вж. повече за комуникационните посредници в българия в раздел 6.1 по-долу). 2. гарантиране, че всички лица, които подпомагат комуникацията, са в състояние да предават ефективно, точно и обективно казаното, както от гледна точка на рецептивната реч (т.е. разбират какво казват хората с увреждания), така и от гледна точка на експресивната реч (т.е. притежават необходимите умения да предават информацията обратно на тези хора), като същевременно използват необходимата специализирана лексика (напр. правна или медицинска) и спазват професионалните и етичните стандарти; 3. писмената информация следва да бъде на разположение в алтернативни формати: органите на правосъдието трябва да осигурят изготвянето на лесни за четене документи и достъпа до тях a. гарантиране, че информацията за съдебните процедури, включително уведомленията, които изискват отговор или предприемане на действие (напр. призовки, съдебни заповеди, съдебни разпореждания, заповеди и присъди), се предоставя в достъпен формат.172 4. осигуряване на подходящо обучение по комуникационни инструменти и методи за всички специалисти в областта на правосъдието. a. гарантиране преодоляването на езиковата бариера чрез обучение на органите на правосъдието. 172 достъпните формати включват: жестов език; видео- и аудио гидове; телефонни линии за консултации и насочване; достъпни уебсайтове; индукционни примки, радио- или инфрачервени системи; затворени надписи; брайлова азбука; формат „лесно за четене“ и прост език; улеснена комуникация; устройства за усилване и лупи за документи. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 60 добра практика според австралийския наръчник за достъп на хората с увреждания лесен начин да се избегне тази езикова бариера е да се избягва използването на правна терминология, а вместо това да се използва конкретен и ясен език. например, съдиите и адвокатите следва да използват „спазват закона“ вместо „законосъобразен“. съдиите и юристите следва също така да обясняват конкретни термини и да проверяват по време на съдебното заседание дали обвиняемият разбира значението на конкретните думи.173 5. на всички фази на производството да се гарантира, че при всички съдебни производства се осигурява техническа и друга подкрепа, нужна на обвиняемите с увреждания, за да използват всички форми на комуникация, необходими за пълноценното им участие.174 това включва: a. системи и устройства за подпомагане на чуването; b. отворени и затворени надписи, и надписи в реално време, декодери и устройства за затворени надписи; c. телекомуникационни продукти, базирани на глас, текст и видео; d. видеотекстови дисплеи; e. компютърно подпомогната транскрипция в реално време; f. софтуер за четене на екрани, софтуер за увеличение и оптични четци; g. устройства за видеоописание и вторично звуково програмиране, които събират звуковите емисии на телевизионните програми. 6. осигуряване на комуникационна подкрепа, включително чрез трети страни, например: 173 наръчник за достъп на хората с увреждания, австралия, достъпно на disability access bench book (judicialcollege.vic.edu.au). 174 те включват: системи и устройства за подпомагане на слушането; отворени, затворени и работещи в реално време надписи и декодери и устройства за затворени надписи; телекомуникационни продукти, базирани на глас, текст и видео; дисплеи за видеотекст; компютърно подпомогната транскрипция в реално време; софтуер за четене на екрани, софтуер за увеличение и оптични четци; видеоописание и вторични слухови програмни устройства, които приемат аудиоматериали за телевизионни програми. 05 прилагане на правата обвиняемите с увреждания: процедурни улеснения 61 a. лица, водещи записки; b. квалифицирани преводачи на жестов език и устни преводачи; c. релейни услуги; d. тактилни преводачи, където и когато е необходимо. 7. да се предоставят на специалистите в областта на правосъдието инструменти за комуникация, които да използват в общуването с хора с увреждания. например: a. браузърът за пиктограми aac175 и пример за използването му. 176 b. пример за „комуникационно табло“177 c. насоки за изготвяне на лесни за четене текстове178 d. как да напишем социална история179 и пример за използването на такава.180 175 уебсайтът на арагонския център за допълваща и алтернативна комуникация (arasaac) е достъпен на адрес символи на дак и споделени ресурси – arasaac; системите за допълваща и алтернативна комуникация (дак) са начини на изразяване, различни от говоримия език, които имат за цел да компенсират трудностите в общуването и езика на много хора с увреждания. например те могат да се използват за по-добро общуване с лица, страдащи от дцп, интелектуални затруднения, разстройства от аутистичния спектър (рас), неврологични заболявания като амиотрофична латерална склероза (алс), множествена склероза (мс) или болест на паркинсон, мускулни дистрофии, мозъчни травми, афазии 176 службата на върховния комисар за правата на човека (свкпч), making sure people with disabilities get justice (да гарантираме, че хората с увреждания получават правосъдие) – лесна за четене версия на: международните принципи и насоки на оон за достъпа до правосъдие на хората с увреждания, достъпно на адрес isl133 20 er достъп до правосъдие на оон (ohchr.org). 177 access ability australia (aaa), комуникационно табло. семинари и срещи, достъпно на адрес city-of-mandurah-workshops-and-meetings-communication-board-v1.pdf (accessabilityaustralia.com); комуникационните табла използват символи за споделяне на идеи, желания, нужди и мисли, като подпомагат хората с комуникационни проблеми. обикновено се използват при лица с интелектуални затруднения, аутистичен спектър, обучителни затруднения, травматични мозъчни увреждания, деменция или глухота. 178 mencap, дали съм се изразил ясно? насоки на mencap за достъпно писане (2002 г.), достъпни на адрес guidelines_for_accessible_writing.pdf (funding4sport.co.uk); например, те могат да се използват при комуникация с хора с интелектуални затруднения, обучителни трудности или с разстройства от аутистичния спектър. 179 уебсайт за услуги, образование, ресурси и обучение за аутизма (asert), достъпен на: how to create a social story – paautism.org, an asert autism resource guide; социалните истории помагат на хората да реагират на социални ситуации, които могат да бъдат предизвикателство да тях, като явяване в съд, задържане или арест. обикновено те се използват за общуване с хора от аутистичния спектър. 180 access ability australia (aaa), театър „капитал“. социална история, достъпна на адрес a-visit-to-the-capital-social-story-v1.pdf (accessabilityaustralia.com). 04 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 62 добри практики в българия 06 добри практики в българия 63 а. комуникационни посредници в рамките на 2023 г. в българия беше проведено обучение за комуникационни посредници на петима специалисти в областта на комуникацията (логопеди по образование). обучаващ беше пола бекен (paula backen), която е сертифициран комуникационен посредник (justice intermediary) в англия. предвидена е супервизия на реални случаи и ресурсна подкрепа от организации, прилагащи фигурата на кп в мексико и нова зеландия. българските експерти вече са част от международната мрежа на кп и ще имат възможност да обменят непрекъснато опит. обхват на работата на кп погледнато по същество работата на кп би могла успешно да се приложи в различни сфери, касаещи комуникацията с лица със специфични комуникационни нужди. следвайки обаче преимуществено английския модел, българската група кп бяха обучени за експерти, които да бъдат назначавани по съдебни дела, включително и в досъдебни производства. и още по-точно, тази група кп са обучени за работа с пълнолетни лица в наказателни дела, било то в ролята им на свидетели, обвиняеми или пострадали. без да се генерализира, лица с комуникативни затруднения или нетипична комуникация често могат да бъдат хората с физическо, интелектуално (умствено) или психосоциално (психично) увреждане. как работят кп работата на кп, като назначен по дело експерт, включва няколко етапа: 1) оценка на комуникативните способности и особености на лицето и на бариерите в съдебната система чрез оценката кп проверява уменията на лицето за разказване, за разбиране на въпроси и друга реч, параметрите на внимание, както и какви видове ресурси ще задържат вниманието му. посочените умения се оценяват обективно, без да са свързани по някакъв начин с фактите или друга конкретика на делото. 2) изготвяне на доклад с препоръки към разследващите органи/съда за провеждане на ефективна комуникация с лицето 06 добри практики в българия 64 в кратък доклад кп описва резултатите от оценката по т. 1 и дава препоръки до органа, който го е назначил, за това как и къде да бъде проведена комуникацията с лицето, така че да е ефективна. предлагат се насоки и улеснения за провеждане на комуникацията като например: бързина и тон на говорене; опростяване на въпросите и използваната лексика и граматика; времетраене и почивки; въпроси за ориентация, време и пространство; въпроси, свързани с нивото на грамотност; допълнителна подкрепа за разказване – техническа, визуална, присъствие на подкрепящо лице (значими близки, роднини); организация на физическото пространство, където се провежда комуникацията – разположение при сядане, осветяване на помещението, място на провеждане, др. в края на доклада кп прави препоръка и относно това дали има нужда или не кп да участва в процесуалните действия занапред и да фасилитира комуникацията в реално време. ако препоръката е, че няма нужда от кп занапред, то се счита, че направените в доклада насоки за комуникация с лицето са достатъчни за органа сам да проведе успешна комуникацията. 3) ако е нужно, кп участва в реално време в процесуалните действия и фасилитира комуникацията с лицето в доклада по т. 2 кп може да е указал, че няма нужда от неговото по-нататъшно участие. крайното решение обаче е на органа по назначаване и той може да реши, че кп е нужен и следва да участва. както и обратното – ако в доклада си кп препоръчва да участва в процесуалните действия, органът от своя страна може да реши, че насоките в доклада са достатъчни, за да продължи сам комуникацията и да не включи кп като фасилитатор. основни принципи на работа на кп 1. съгласие – първоначалната оценка и по-нататъшното участие на кп в процесуалните действия се извършват единствено със съгласието на лицето. 2. обективност – кп мисли единствено за комуникативните нужди и особености на лицето в контекста на конкретното дело с цел провеждане на ефективна комуникация между него и съда/разследващия орган. в тази връзка, кп: 06 добри практики в българия 65 a) не формира/не изразява мнение по случая b) не заема страна по делото, както и не се интересува от неговия изход c) не оценява деянието или вината на лицето d) не оценява работата на съдии, адвокати, прокурори e) не оценява и не взема по никакъв начин отношение към свидетелската годност или вменяемостта на лицето f) не тълкува волята на лицето g) не представлява лицето h) не подкрепя лицето при вземането на решения, а му помага само по отношение на комуникацията; i) не следва да е в родствена или друга близка връзка с лицето j) не може да е в друга професионална връзка с лицето, например да е работил или работи с него терапевтично 3. индивидуален подход – препоръките, които кп прави в доклада си, и подходът на работа в хода на реалните процесуални действия са строго индивидуални, съобразени със специфичните нужди и особености на комуникацията на лицето, както и с конкретния контекст, в който се провежда комуникацията. 4. пропорционалност – улесненията, които кп предлага, трябва да са достатъчни и съобразени с индивидуалните особености, за да се осигури ефективно участие на лицето по време на производството. 5. постижимост – улесненията, които предлага кп, са реално осъществими и доказали се, че подкрепят комуникацията на лица с комуникативни затруднения и особености. 6. конфиденциалност – кп запазва пълна конфиденциалност за информацията, станала му известна в това му качество. кп може да обсъжда случаите, по които работи, с други кп единствено с цел супервизия на работата и при запазване анонимност на лицата. 06 добри практики в българия 66 какво не е комуникационният посредник какво е комуникационният посредник кп няма правно образование, нито взема отношение по правни въпроси. кп е дипломиран логопед, специалист в областта на езиково-говорните и комуникативните умения и техните нарушения. кп е запознат с основни правни понятия и процесуални фигури, както и с общата рамка на съдебния процес и досъдебните производства, но кп не е юрист, нито формира мнение или взема отношение относно правните въпроси, включително правната оценка на фактите по делото. кп не е вещо лице, нито преводач. кп е експерт, който може да подпомогне съда и разследващите органи в комуникацията им с лица с комуникативни затруднения или нетипична комуникация, в реално време и чрез препоръки към органите. кп не тълкува волята и желанията на лицата, нито ги подкрепя при вземането на решения. кп предоставя единствено улеснения за максимално разбиране в комуникацията между хора със затруднения или нетипична комуникация и останалите участници в наказателното производство. кп не защитава, нито представлява лицата с комуникационни нужди. кп е независим експерт, който подобно на вещите лица и преводачите, може да се назначи от съда или разследващите органи по искане на всеки от участниците в производството. водещ принцип в работата на кп е обективността, за което кп следва да е независим от 06 добри практики в българия 67 лицата, с които е назначен да работи. кп не оценява свидетелската годност или вменяемостта на лицата. работата на кп се ограничава до провеждането на ефективна комуникация с лицата със затруднения или нетипична комуникация. намесата на кп позволява участието на такива лица в процеса, което е тяхно право, независимо от това дали е имало и какво са заключили експертизите за свидетелска годност или вменяемост. понякога след включването на кп става ясно, че такива експертизи практически не са нужни, а че проблемът е всъщност на комуникационно ниво. идентифициране на човек с комуникативни нужди как може да разберем, че е нужен кп в даден случай: • лицето говори неразбираемо, има затруднена артикулация • лицето говори за неща, несвързани с въпросите • речта му протича накъсано или несвързано • забелязва се трудност в разбирането на въпросите • видимо е в психически и/или физически дискомфорт (извършва нервни повтаряеми движения с тялото, подобно на тикове или ритуали, или други атипични жестове, повтаря извънредно често конкретни фрази или думи, др.) • спомените относно случилото се изглеждат нереални, нелогични, без ясна последователност • други атипични прояви, които явно затрудняват провеждането на ефективна комуникация с лицето. 06 добри практики в българия 68 наличието на доказателства за съществуваща психиатрична диагноза може да е ориентир за някои специфични нужди на лицето, но такива нужди може да не касаят непременно способностите за комуникация на лицето. съответно липсата на диагноза не следва да е определяща и да изключва автоматично нуждата от подкрепа за провеждане на комуникацията. нещо важно, на което да се обърне внимание: някои нарушения в комуникацията могат да изглеждат като увреждания от естество, засягащо достоверността на казаното. но да не е така. кп би могъл да подпомогне процеса по начин, че да бъдат отграничени комуникационните нужди от други състояния, както включително би могъл да препоръча привличането на други специалисти. правни основания, на които могат да бъдат назначавани кп по дела фигурата на кп не е изрично уредена в българското законодателство. това обаче не е пречка, когато има нужда от подобен тип експертиза, кп да бъдат назначавани като подпомагащи външни независими експерти. като правни основания за назначаването на кп в производството биха могли да се използват следните разпоредби (без да се претендира изчерпателност): • чл. 11 (забрана за дискриминация), чл. 15, ал. 2 и ал. 3 (за предоставянето на всички необходими средства за защита, разясняване на правата и възможност за упражняването им), чл. 142 (за преводачите, по аналогия) от наказателно-процесуалния кодекс (нпк); • чл. 67 (1) от закона за хората с увреждания (зху) относно осигуряване на всички необходими мерки за подкрепа с цел ефективен достъп до правосъдие; • чл. 13 (отново за осигуряването на ефективен достъп до правосъдие през предоставяне на процедурни мерки за подкрепа на всяка фаза от производството) във връзка с чл. 12 (пълна правосубектност на хората с увреждания) от конвенцията за правата на хората с увреждания (кпху); 06 добри практики в българия 69 • принцип 3 от международните принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания181: осигуряването на процедурни улеснения, които, измежду други, следва да улесняват ефективната комуникация, за да се гарантира разбирането на правата, материалите по делото и участието в производството (напр. използване на допълващи и алтернативни способи за комуникация, използване на комуникационни посредници); както и някои специфични: • чл. 55, ал. 5 от нпк относно предоставянето на информация на обвиняеми лица на разбираем език и по разбираем начин, като се отчитат специфичните им потребности; • чл. 74, ал. 4 от закона за мвр относно предоставянето на информация на задържаните лица на разбираем език и по разбираем начин, като се отчитат специфичните им потребности; • чл. 106а от закона за мвр относно осъществяване на правомощията, запознаване с предприетите действия и разясняване правата на лицата и ползването в тази връзка на преводач, тълковник или друго лице (по аналогия). как мога да се свържа с кп на този сайт https://communication-facilitators.bg/ може да намерите допълнителна информация за работата на кп, както и кратка биография на самите експерти, които са обучени да извършват тази дейност. в раздел „направете заявка“ ще намерите форма, чрез която може да отправите искане за включване на кп в конкретно производство. кп ще се свърже с вас своевременно. 181 международни принципи и насоки на оон за достъп до правосъдие на хората с увреждания, приети през 2020 от върховния комисар на оон за правата на човека: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/disability/sr_disability/goodpractices/access-to-justice-en.pdf 06 добри практики в българия 70 б. индивидуална оценка на социалното функциониране и оценка на нуждите от подкрепа в съдебното производство през 2019–2022 г. няколко организации в българия (глобална инициатива в психиатрията – софия в партньорство с български център за нестопанско право и съюз на съдиите в българия) са работили по проект, наречен „ex iure ad iustatium (от правото към справедливостта); принципи за справедлив съдебен процес за хора с увреждания“.182 в рамките на този проект те са създали набор от оценки, които да улеснят достъпа до правосъдие на лица с интелектуални и психо-социални увреждания. едната е за „социалното функциониране“ на лицата, а другата е за нуждата от подкрепа в съдебно производство.183 първоначално тези инструменти са били предназначени да обслужват три конкретни вида съдебни производства: настаняване в специализирани институции, принудително психиатрично лечение и поставяне под запрещение. въпреки това, спецификите и нуждите, които те изследват, могат да се окажат относими в по-широк план и инструментите да бъдат успешно прилагани и в други видове производства. a) индивидуална оценка на социалното функциониране184 тази оценка се основава на разбирането, че социалното функциониране е набор от основни социални роли и начинът, по който човек ги изпълнява, включително позицията на човек в социалните групи и взаимодействието с членовете на групата.185 тя има за цел да предостави на съда по-реалистична картина за способностите на лицето и наличните ресурси за подкрепа, вместо да се мисли за лицето само чрез медицинска диагноза. въпреки че оценката не е предназначена за наказателни дела, информацията, която търси, както и подходът могат да бъдат особено полезни за установяване на действителния умисъл на обвиняемия за престъпление. 182 проектът е финансиран от фонд активни граждани българия в рамките на финансовия механизъм на европейското икономическо пространство 2014-2021 г. информация за проекта можете да намерите тук: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=17 183 и двата документа са достъпни на български език на адрес: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=52 184 методът е описан в наръчника за изследване на социалното функциониране, достъпен на български език тук: http://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/social-functioning-assessment-tools_v.pdf 185 наръчник за изследване на социалното функциониране, раздел ii, стр. 6-12. 06 добри практики в българия 71 b) оценка на нуждата от подкрепа в съдебното производство:186 тази оценка предоставя на съда ценна информация за трудностите, които хората с увреждания срещат при достъпа до правосъдие, които могат да бъдат пряко или косвено свързани с увреждането. в крайна сметка, тя дава представа за бариерите, с които се сблъскват хората с увреждания при упражняване на правото си на достъп до правосъдие. бариерите се анализират във всеки случай поотделно и съответно се препоръчват мерки за подкрепа. оценката изследва четири основни сфери на подкрепа, както следва: • нагласи на лицето към съдебното производство; • подкрепа за вземане на решение; • комуникация; • практическа подкрепа за достъп до правосъдие (организационно-логистична подкрепа). в рамките на тези четири сфери се препоръчват процедурни улеснения и други мерки за подкрепа, като например: промени в производството по отношение на продължителността, подготовката и т.н.; лесни за четене материали; помощни технически средства за комуникация; предоставяне на услуги за подкрепено вземане на решения или други подкрепящи социални услуги и т.н. как да включите оценка в изпитване глобална инициатива в психиатрията – софия е организацията, която има опит в провеждането на двете посочени по-горе оценки. зависи от преценката на съда дали да ангажира организацията за извършване на оценка в рамките на съдебния процес. ако все пак участва лице с увреждане, трябва да бъдат осигурени процедурни улеснения, за да се гарантира достъп до правосъдие в съответствие с чл. 13 от кпху. съответно съдът има задължението да потърси такава експертиза и евентуално да организира предоставянето на всички необходими улеснения. 186 матрица за оценка на нуждата от подкрепа в съдебно производство за лица с интелектуални и психично-здравни трудности е изготвена в рамките на посочения проект и е достъпна на български език тук: http://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/assesment-need-of-support_v.pdf 06 добри практики в българия 72 всеки, който е страна в съдебното производство, включително хора с увреждания, може да поиска оценка. забележка: следва да се отбележи, че фигурата на кп в раздел 6.1 е разработена съвсем наскоро и е по-нова в сравнение с оценката на нуждите от подкрепа в съдебното производство, представена в раздел 6.2. фигурата на кп в известен смисъл се основава на предишния опит, но все пак смятаме, че всички тези инструменти се допълват по положителен начин. в крайна сметка всички тези добри практики създават мост между правосъдието и социалните системи и допринасят за това производствата да станат по-приобщаващи и хуманни. 06 good practices in bulgaria 73 допълнително 07 допълнително 74 а. справочник комуникационни посредници, българия: неформално обединение на логопеди, обучени като комуникационни посредници в наказателното производство, описано подробно в раздел 6.1 по-горе. уебсайт: https://communication-facilitators.bg/ глобална инициатива в психиатрията (гип) – софия, българия, неправителствена организация с опит в социалната работа и работата, свързана с правосъдието с хора с психични увреждания. във връзка с достъпа до правосъдие, гип е създала образец и предоставя на съдилищата индивидуални оценки, както е описано подробно в раздел 6.2 по-горе. повече за оценките можете да намерите на адрес: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=52 б. допълнителни материали моделът на наръчник за правата на хората с увреждания беше създаден в рамките на проекта „enable”, използвайки информация и изследвания на партньори от осем страни от ес: българия, република чехия, литва, португалия, румъния, словакия, словения и испания. наръчникът очертава международната правна рамка, регулираща правата на обвиняеми лица с увреждания и предоставя практически препоръки с цел да се подобри достъпа до правосъдие и зачитането на правата на хората с увреждания във всички фази на наказателното производство. моделът на наръчник послужи също за основа за разработването на национални наръчници, адаптирани за отделните юрисдикции, какъвто е и настоящият наръчник. може да намерите повече за модела на наръчник тук: (https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/enable-model-disability-benchbook-1.pdf) австралийският наръчник за достъпа на хора с увреждания предлага много полезна информация за видовете процесуални улеснения, които може да бъдат необходими за лица с различни видове увреждания, и които могат да бъдат особено полезни, когато са нужни улеснения за лица с множество увреждания. тази информация би могла да бъде включена в допълнителните материали: https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/e manuals/dabb/index.htm#59310.htm вж. примери за наръчници от обединеното кралство, сащ и австралия: 07 допълнително 75 uk’s equal treatment bench book available at equal treatment bench book (april 2023 revision) (judiciary.uk); adult court bench book and pronoucement bilder available at adult court bench book (may 2023) (judiciary.uk). bench book for us district court judges available at benchbook for u.s. district court judges, sixth edition (fjc.gov); military judge’s bench book available at jagcnet.army.mil/ebb/. australian disability access book available at disability access bench book (judicialcollege.vic.edu.au); national domestic and family violence bench book available at contents – national domestic and family violence bench book (aija.org.au). насоки на оон за включващ език за хората с увреждания: (un disability inclusive language guidelines), https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/disability-inclusive-language-guidelines.pdfnational bench book: working with defendants with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities in criminal justice proceedings bulgaria 1 more information about the project is available here: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/ 2 in its most part this document elaborates on content from the enable model disability bench book the authors of which are international commission of jurists and validity foundation. this disability bench book was developed by kera foundation within the project “enabling inclusion and access to justice for defendants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities” (enable – 101056701 – just-2021-jacc). the project seeks to promote access to justice and fairer criminal proceedings for defendants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities in 8 eu countries1. authors maria krasteva2 editor aneta genova research team venera simeonova and tanya tsaneva contacts in bulgaria kera foundation https://www.kerafoundation.com/ project contacts validity foundation – mental disability advocacy centre impact hub, milestone institute budapest, wesselényi utca 17. 1053 budapest, hungary e-mail: validity@validity.local publication date august, 2024 grant information enable – 101056701 acknowledgments sincere gratitude to all our national and international partners including persons with disabilities who shared their knowledge and experience and help us create in-depth and context-oriented content. co-funded by the european union. views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the european union or the european commission. neither the european union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. table of contents introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 6 a. background ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7 b. who is this bench book for and how to us it? ……………………………………… 8 c. methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………. 9 d. main definitions and terminology ……………………………………………………… 9 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework ………………………………………………………. 12 defendants with disabilities and the justice system …. 17 presumption of innocence and legal capacity ………….. 20 a. case law …………………………………………………………………………………………. 23 b. practical guidance and recommendations to procedural accommodations ………………………………………………………….. 27 c. promising practice …………………………………………………………………………. 29 implementing rights of defendants with disabilities: procedural accommodations …………………………………….. 31 a. requests for and offers of accommodations …………………………………… 34 b. individual assessment for adoption of procedural accommodations .. 37 c. intermediaries (or communication facilitators) ……………………………… 42 d. right to be accompanied by a support person, which may include a relative ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 e. procedural adjustments and modifications …………………………………….. 47 f. communication support …………………………………………………………………. 49 good practice in bulgaria …………………………………………… 54 a. communication facilitators ………………………………………………………….. 55 b. individual assessment on the social functioning and assessment of the needs for support in court proceedings ………………………………………………… 61 additional ……………………………………………………………………. 64 executive summary 5 (use this page where you need it) “the lack of knowledge on how to approach eventually puts society and police, and persons with psychosocial disabilities at risk.” from an interview with a judge executive summary 6 introduction 01 about the bench book 7 a. background irrespective of whether they are victims of, witnesses to or alleged perpetrators of crime, persons with disabilities have significant difficulties in accessing justice and engaging with justice actors. at the same time, while reported to be four to ten times more likely to be abused (including sexually) than their peers without disabilities3, individuals with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities – especially those placed in residential settings4 – face severe exclusion from justice processes and violations of their fair trial rights5. outdated laws which do not recognise their legal capacity and, consequently, deny the right to stand in a trial and provide testimonies, omission to detect the disability and provide the needed support to access information and communicate, lack of procedural accommodations, lack of specialisation and trainings6, attitudinal barriers of most actors participating in the criminal process and lack of access to effective legal advice, are among the systemic challenges faced by persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, living in the eu, that are participating in criminal proceedings.7 at the same time, the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities8 (crpd), which was ratified by the european union9 and all its member states without reservations10, places significant obligations on states to identify and eliminate obstacles or barriers and take proactive, systemic measures to ensure that all persons with disabilities can benefit in an equal manner of their right to access to justice. nevertheless, although the relevant eu directives11 and member-states’ legal frameworks recognise the need for support and protect these rights to people with hearing, sensory or physical disabilities, the legislation remains numb to the specific 3 disability justice, ‘justice denied: abuse and exploitation’: https://disabilityjustice.org/justice-denied/abuse-and-exploitation/ 4 amelink q, roozen s, leistikow i, weenink jw. sexual abuse of people with intellectual disabilities in residential settings: a 3-year analysis of incidents reported to the dutch health and youth care inspectorate. bmj open. 2021 dec 6;11(12):e053317. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053317. pmid: 34873008; pmcid: pmc8650479. 5 smith, t. (2023). autism and criminal justice. the experience of suspects, defendants and offenders in england and wales. routledge. 6 the international synthesis report – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 7 the international synthesis report – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 8 un general assembly, convention on the rights of persons with disabilities : resolution / adopted by the general assembly, a/res/61/106, 24 january 2007, https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/2007/en/49751 9 the european union ratified the crpd on 23 december 2010. 10 with some exceptions mentioned here: https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=iv-15&chapter=4&clang=_en 11 directive on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings (2010/64/eu); directive on right to information in criminal proceedings (2012/13/eu); directive on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings (2013/48/eu); directive on strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and on the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings (2016/343/eu); directive on legal aid for suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings (2016/1919/eu); directive on procedural safeguards for children suspected or accused in criminal proceedings (2016/800/eu) 01 about the bench book 8 needs and barriers of persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities12. this is despite that – very often – the same type of measures are provided to other groups in vulnerable situation that may requires similar type of assistance throughout the criminal process, such as minors or women-victims of domestic or sexual violence.13 for those few states that have put in place support mechanisms, the measures extend only to persons with intellectual and psychosocial that participate in proceedings as victims, leaving outside other participants.14 there are also countries that have gone ahead to regulate some of these vitally important services, allowing also cja to use the services of a professional facilitator who will assess their needs and carry out the accommodation tasks15 or use procedural documents written in accessible language16. the purpose of this bench book is to inform relevant stakeholders about best practices for efficiently involving defendants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities in criminal proceedings, as well as to propose practical steps for their national implementation. the findings are the result of a thorough analysis of the situation in eight eu countries, including bulgaria, while the solutions proposed are based on relevant international and regional standards and reflect best practices collected globally and nationally. b. who is this bench book for and how to us it? the bench book is designed to be a practical guide for judges, prosecutors, lawyers, law enforcement officers and other professionals from bulgaria (broadly referred to as “criminal justice actors, referred to below as cja”) working in criminal legal settings on cases involving persons with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities. it can be useful in guiding their work on cases involving persons with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities, which due to the multiple barriers experienced – legal, environmental, informational, attitudinal – require additional support to realise equally their right to access to justice. the practical tools proposed in the bench book aim to 12 e.g. the directive 2010/64/eu on the right to interpretation and translation guarantees the right to a foreign language interpreter and assistance for people with hearing or speech disabilities in criminal proceedings. cognitive barriers—difficulties understanding procedures and providing accommodations — are left out. similarly, the directive 2012/13/eu on the right to information in criminal proceedings ensures defendants with hearing or speech disabilities have access to information about their rights, accusations, and case materials. the directive as well does not require this information to be accessible for defendants with cognitive barriers. 13 e.g. the directive 2010/64/eu on the right to interpretation and translation guarantees the right to a foreign language interpreter and assistance for people with hearing or speech disabilities in criminal proceedings. cognitive barriers—difficulties understanding procedures and providing accommodations — are left out. similarly, the directive 2012/13/eu on the right to information in criminal proceedings ensures defendants with hearing or speech disabilities have access to information about their rights, accusations, and case materials. the directive as well does not require this information to be accessible for defendants with cognitive barriers. 14 the international synthesis report – https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/international-synthesis-report.pdf 15 spain national study, enable project, april 2023, p.29 16 lithuania national study, enable project, april 2023, p.9. 01 about the bench book 9 clarify how cja should deal with each of those systemic barriers that are most likely to arise at the pre-judicial and judicial stages of criminal proceedings in order to enable defendants with intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities to participate equally in proceedings. while the focus of this bench book is on defendants in criminal justice settings, the principles, standards, and recommendations made in it may be helpful to other participants of the criminal process, experiencing these types of disabilities, including victims and witnesses, as well as in broader contexts including in civil proceedings. c. methodology the content of this bench book was developed by kera foundation, bulgaria based on the findings of a national research on barriers of defendants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities in accessing criminal justice services17, carried out within the enable project18. the presented information and recommendations were gathered through research, interviews, consultations and multidisciplinary meetings with persons with disabilities, judges, lawyers, ngo representatives and other relevant stakeholders in the period from january 2023 to june 2024. d. main definitions and terminology ● person with disabilities – in terms of article 1 of the crpd, persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others19. persons with psychosocial and intellectual disability refers to diverse communities, particularly those who face specific kinds of human rights violations on the basis of their actual or perceived mental disabilities. bearing in mind that this is an evolving concept, these include, among others, people who self-identify as or are perceived or treated as persons with neurological impairments, including age-related and degenerative impairments; persons with autism and autistic persons; persons with learning impairments; persons who hear voices, etc. according to the bulgarian persons 17 enable project, national briefing papers: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/national-briefing-papers/ 18 full name of the project: enabling inclusion and access to justice for defendants with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities (101056701 – enable – just-2021-jacc). more information can be accessed here: https://validity.ngo/projects-2/enabling-inclusion-and-access-to-justice-for-defendants-with-intellectual-and-psychosocial-disabilities/ 19 un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities, article 1 01 about the bench book 10 with disabilities act “persons with disabilities are individuals with physical, psychological, intellectual or sensory deficiency which might while in contact with the outside environment hinder their full and effective participation in the social life.” – § 1, item 1 from the additional provisions of the pda. ● legal capacity – according to general comment no.1, the crpd, legal capacity includes the capacity to be both a holder of rights and an actor under the law20. legal capacity to be a holder of rights entitles a person to full protection of his or her rights by the legal system. legal capacity to act under the law recognizes that person as an agent with the power to engage in transactions and create, modify or end legal relationships. ● procedural accommodations – refer to all necessary and appropriate “modifications and adjustments in the context of access to justice, where needed in a particular case, to ensure the participation of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.”21 most of the measures described in this bench book required to eliminate barriers to access to justice faced by persons with disabilities in justice processes and procedures amount to “procedural accommodations.” ● reasonable accommodations – as defined by article 2 of the crpd, represent the necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.” ● supported decision-making vs substituted decision-making – supported decision-making is a model that the crpd requires to be entrenched in legal systems and laws, which requires that persons with disabilities are provided with a range of support options, including the support of people they trust (e.g. family, friends, peers, advocates, lawyers, interpreters, facilitators/intermediaries), in order to support and enhance their ability to make decisions for themselves. opposite to the former, substituted decision-making is a model entrenched in many legal systems and laws, which deprives persons with disabilities of the right to make decisions for themselves, and, instead delegates the right to others to make decisions on behalf of persons with disabilities (most often someone is appointed 20 crpd committee gc no 1, para 12, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g14/031/20/pdf/g1403120.pdf?openelement 21 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/disability/sr_disability/goodpractices/access-to-justice-en.pdf, p 9. 01 about the bench book 11 to be “guardian” by law). the latter, despite its ongoing prevalence in legal systems across the world, is in direct contravention of the crpd and in violation of the autonomy and legal capacity of persons with disabilities. ● equity vs equality – the words equity and equality are often used interchangeably, but they have a different meaning. equality means each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities. equity recognizes that each person has different circumstances, and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome. equity can be defined as giving everyone what they need to be successful. in other words, it’s not giving everyone the exact same thing. if we give everyone the exact same thing, expecting that will make people equal, it assumes that everyone started out in the same place – and this can be vastly inaccurate because everyone isn’t the same.22 ● access vs accessibility – access means the opportunity or right to do something or enter a place. for example, if you have a work badge, you have access to your work premises. accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services or environments so as to be usable by persons with or without disabilities and includes information and communications. physical accessibility, for example, involves the creation of a barrier-free environment where persons with disabilities can move freely (think of systemic solutions for stairs and heavy doors for persons using a wheelchair) or can independently access information freely (think of availability of documents in braille or easy read format)23 ● the medical model vs the human rights model of disability – the medical model of disability places the focus on the person’s condition, which is understood to directly cause their disability, while the human rights model of disability on the other hand, places the individual centre stage in all decisions affecting him/her, places focus on the inherent dignity of the human being and the barriers created by society and the interaction of such barriers with each individual person with a disability.24 it acknowledges that social, attitudinal, legal and other barriers frequently prevent individuals with disabilities from enjoying human rights on an equal basis. 22 https://www.internationalwomensday.com/missions/18707/equality-versus-equity-what-s-the-difference-as-we-embraceequity-for-iwd-2023-and-beyond 23 un disability inclusive language guidelines: https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/disability-inclusive-language-guidelines.pdf 24 anna lawson & angharad e. beckett (2021) the social and human rights models of disability: towards a complementarity thesis, the international journal of human rights, 25:2, 348-379, doi: 10.1080/13642987.2020.1783533. 12 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 13 the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (crpd/the convention) is regarded as a key instrument in the international legal framework governing the rights of people with disabilities.25 the purpose of the convention is to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity.26 it is important to note that the crpd includes its general comments, which are authoritative interpretations of the convention issued by the committee on the rights of persons with disabilities (the committee)27. among the most relevant general comments (gc) to the topic of this bench book are gc on article 12 (equal recognition before the law)28, article 9 (accessibility)29, article 19 (right to live independently and be included in the community)30, article 5 (equality and non-discrimination)31. the committee and special rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities also issued important guidelines for implementing the crpd, including the guidelines on article 14 on the right to liberty and security of persons with disabilities32, as well as the international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities (the international principles). 33 among the most important obligation, specified by the crpd, that bulgaria (and its relevant agents) assumed to ensure fair trial rights are the following: 25 the crpd convention and the optional protocol entered into force on 3 may 2008. it is the first comprehensive human rights treaty to be open for signatures by regional integration organizations. the crpd was adopted on 13 december 2006 and was opened for signature on 30 march 2007. there were 82 signatories to the convention, which was the highest number of signatories in history to a un convention on its opening day. united nations department of economic and social affairs. ”convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (crpd).” accessible here. 26 un general assembly, convention on the rights of persons with disabilities : resolution / adopted by the general assembly, 24 january 2007, a/res/61/106, art. 1, available here https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/a_res_61_106.pdf 27 the committee on the rights of persons with disabilities, established by the convention (article 34), monitors the implementation of the convention by states parties. the committee overseeing the implementation of the crpd issues general comments and concluding observations on states’ that are party to the convention regarding their progress on implementation. 28 general comment 1 to un crpd is available in english here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-1-article-12-equal-recognition-1. 29 general comment 2 to un crpd is available in english here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-2-article-9-accessibility-0. 30 general comment 5 to un crpd is available in english here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no5-article-19-right-live. 31 general comment 6 to un crpd is available in english here: https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no6-equality-and-non-discrimination. 32 the guidelines on the right to liberty and security of persons with disabilities are contained in the annex to a/72/55, the committee’s bi-annual report 2016. 33 un, special rapporteur on the rights of persons with disability, international principe and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities (2020). 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 14 ● prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability and guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective legal protection against discrimination on all grounds.34 ● ensure that the right to stand trial must be recognised to all persons with disabilities, at all levels of the criminal justice system, without discrimination, and that constructs such as “cognitive incapacity” and “mental incapacity”35, as determined, for instance, by functional or mental status assessments (that are common in most legal systems) are not used to restrict the right to legal capacity.”36 ● provide the support necessary to enable persons with disabilities to make decisions that have legal effect.37 such support measures “must respect the rights, will and preferences of these persons and should never amount to substitute decision-making.”38 ● promptly identify and recognise the barriers and the appropriate support measures to enable an effective participation in proceedings of a person suspected or accused in criminal proceedings via initial assessment, carried out by police officers, law enforcement or judicial authorities, as well as other competent authorities, including independent experts. 39 ● take measures to provide gender and age-appropriate individualized procedural accommodations, according to the will and preference’ of the person concerned.”40. such accommodations encompass all the necessary and appropriate modifications and adjustments needed to make decisions for themselves in a particular case41, which include (1) access to 34 according to article 2 of the crpd discrimination on the basis of disability represents “(…) any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment) or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. it includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation; (…)” 35 the crpd committee has clarified that the crpd strongly rejects the application of concepts and standards such as “unfitness to stand trial” and “insanity defences” as discriminatory and in violation of the convention. the committee has therefore called for the removal of all such standards from criminal justice systems in states parties to the crpd. declarations of unfitness to stand trial or non-responsibility or incapacity in criminal justice systems are not only discriminatory, but lead to detention of persons based on their disabilities contrary to article 14 of the crpd. 36 ibid, international principles, in paragraph 1.2.c, 37 crpd, gc no 1, para. 16. 38 crpd, gc no 1, para. 17. 39 commission recommendation of 27 november 2013 on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings, recital 6. 40 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 26. 41 world health organization, “supported decision-making and advance planning: who qualityrights specialized training,” 1 january 2019, accessible here 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 15 intermediaries/facilitators (2) provision of procedural adjustments, and (3) modifications, adjustments to the environment and communication support, to ensure access to justice for persons with disabilities.42 accommodations should be organized before the start of proceedings, and all participants should be informed of their availability throughout the course of legal proceedings.43 in addition, they should be available in digital form as well. this is particular important within the context of remote hearings and use of video-links. ● have access to legal notices and information in a timely and accessible manner on an equal basis with others, and that information about justice systems and procedures, including notices that require a response or an action to be taken, are available in an accessible format (including sign language, and audio guides, telephone line advice and referral services, etc) that are also compatible with diverse forms of aac, including low and high tech.44 ● ensure that persons are informed of their rights orally or in writing, in accessible language, considering any particular needs and barriers of the suspect/ accused persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities and that information about their procedural rights, in an accessible format, can be received on request.45 ● ensure that suspects or accused persons who do not speak or understand the language of the criminal proceedings are provided with effective, accurate and impartial interpretation both receptively (i.e. understanding what persons with disabilities are saying) and expressively (i.e. having the skill necessary to convey information back to those persons).46 ● provide free or affordable legal assistance, that is competent and timely. also, in order to participate equally in any legal proceedings and discharge their professional duties, lawyers of persons with disabilities should be provided with procedural accommodations, such as interpreters, assistive technology 42 un international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, principle 3.2.d. 43 ibid, principle 3, guideline 31, p.15. 44 article 21 of the crpd, un international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, principle 4. 45 commission recommendation 2013/c-378/02 on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings, section 3 – rights of vulnerable persons, right to information. 46 directive 2010/64/eu of the european parliament and of the council – articles 1, 2, 4 and 5; crpd, un international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities. 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 16 and intermediaries/facilitators, or the resources necessary to support effective communication with clients, witnesses and other persons with disabilities. ● ensure that suspects and accused persons have the right to be present at their trial47 and that their right to presumption of innocence is dully guaranteed48 the greater part of these rights, including the right to information, right to interpretation and translation, right of access to a lawyer and legal aid are also protected within the european union by relevant eu legislation, such as directives and recommendations of the european commission.49 bulgaria ratified the crpd in 2012, and committed to implement its provisions without any reservations. bulgaria has legal mechanisms in place to ensure compliance with international human rights standards. the constitution recognizes the supremacy of ratified international treaties, including those related to human rights, and courts are expected to interpret domestic laws in harmony with bulgaria’s international obligations. art. 5. (4)50 of the bulgarian constitution stipulates that international treaties ratified by bulgaria are part of the domestic legal order and have supremacy over national legislation. this implies that international human rights treaties ratified by bulgaria prevail over conflicting national laws. therefore, bulgarian courts are expected to interpret domestic laws in a manner consistent with bulgaria’s international obligations. at the same time, bulgarian courts have recognized the principle of direct application of international human rights treaties. this means that if national legislation provides weaker safeguards than those guaranteed by international treaties, individuals can invoke the provisions of these treaties directly before domestic courts. 47 article 14.3 international covenant on civil and political rights; article 8.2 directive 2016/343/eu. 48 directive 2016/343/eu on strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and on the right to be present at the trial, article 3. 49 recommendation on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings (2013) -recommendation on procedural rights of suspects and accused persons subject to pre-trial detention and on material detention conditions (2022). 50 the constitution states that “international treaties which have been ratified in accordance with the constitutional procedure, promulgated and having come into force with respect to the republic of bulgaria, shall be part of the legislation of the state. they shall have primacy over any conflicting provision of the domestic legislation.” https://www.parliament.bg/en/const. 02 rights of persons with disabilities: international and eu legal framework 17 defendants with disabilities and the justice system 03 defendants with disabilities and the justice system 18 our recent study has shown that bulgaria has yet to implement mechanisms that allow for the identification of people who require accommodations in the early stages of criminal proceedings51. at the same time, when a person was discovered to have an intellectual or psychosocial disability, the (forensic doctor’s) evaluation was requested to evaluate/confirm individual’s “incompetency” to stand trial, rather to assesses what are the support needs to enable their effective participation in proceedings. if a defendant is found “incompetent” to stand trial, he/she is usually subjected to a period of forced institutionalization, compulsory treatment in a forensic psychiatric facility, or, sometimes, in a prison. by custom and practice the period of confinement may be indefinite, even longer than the penalty envisaged for the same crime. these circumstances raise serious concerns about the realization of the right to participate equally in the justice processes, the fairness of these trials and their outcomes, and the capacity of criminal justice participants to carry out their duties with the due diligence required in these life-changing matters. lack of specialisation and training on the subject is commonly noted as one of the main causes of insufficient disability awareness among justice actors. persons with disabilities in bulgaria also face other forms of discrimination and exclusion, which can impede their access to justice. discrimination on the basis of disability may be compounded by simultaneous discrimination on the basis of other identities or bases such as gender, ethnicity, poverty, education.52 these along with prejudice and the lack of supportive community-based services are the pillars of interdependent disadvantage systems in which defendants with disabilities are frequently the victims. as recognized by the crpd committee in its general comment no.6, in reality persons with disabilities do not enjoy their rights on an equal basis with others because of various factors such as “deprivation of legal capacity, forced institutionalization, 51 enable bulgarian national report is available in english at: https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/kera_national-briefing-paper_english.pdf. 52 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 16. as clarified by the crpd in its general comment no 6: “[d]iscrimination can be based on a single characteristic, such as disability or gender, or on multiple and/or intersecting characteristics. ‘intersectional discrimination’ occurs when a person with a disability or associated to disability suffers discrimination of any form on the basis of disability, combined with, colour, sex, language, religion, ethnic, gender or other status. intersectional discrimination can appear as direct or indirect discrimination, denial of reasonable accommodation or harassment.” crpd gc no 6, para 19. 03 defendants with disabilities and the justice system 19 exclusion from general education, pervasive negative stereotypes, prejudices, and lack of access to employment.”53 the crpd committee commits states to an “inclusive equality”54 approach which is “a new model of equality developed throughout the convention” which “embraces a substantive model of equality” and “extends and elaborates” on the content of the right to quality by including: “(a) a fair redistributive dimension to address socioeconomic disadvantages; (b) a recognition dimension to combat stigma, stereotyping, prejudice and violence and to recognize the dignity of human beings and their intersectionality; (c) a participative dimension to reaffirm the social nature of people as members of social groups and the full recognition of humanity through inclusion in society; and (d) an accommodating dimension to make space for difference as a matter of human dignity. the convention is based on inclusive equality.”55 53 crpd, general comment no 6, para. 8. 54 in the draft of the general comment no.6, the committee adopted the concept of equality suggested in the submission made by sandra fredman and other scholars. fredman’s model of equality pursues four main objectives: “redressing the social and economic disadvantage associated with disability; addressing stigma, stereotyping, prejudice and violence; enhancing participation; and accommodating difference by achieving structural change.” see: sandra fredman, meghan campbell, shreya atrey, jason brickhill, nomfundo ramalekana, sanya samtani, achieving transformative equality for persons with disabilities: submission to the crpd committee for general comment no.6 on article 5 of the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities, available at cprd-submission-1.pdf (ox.ac.uk). 55 gc no 6, para 11. 03 defendants with disabilities and the justice system 20 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 21 the criminal justice system in bulgaria, like in many other countries, requires that a defendant have a certain level of “mental capacity” before being put on trial, which is defined by most doctrines as competency or capacity to stand trial. the decision about a defendant’s ability to participate is mostly based on the opinions of forensic psychiatric experts who have been specifically asked to assess this ability. courts may disregard expertise on occasion, but clinical opinion usually prevails. once the defendant is declared insane/incompetent, investigation stops and the case is closed. nonetheless, these defendants are placed in psychiatric hospitals for compulsory treatment and because of the periodic extensions of the compulsory treatment, “defendants may be in the criminal justice system much longer than if they were traditionally sentenced.”56 eventually, defendants with disabilities do not have access to the same defenses as other defendants, such as self-defense, duress, and the absence of mens rea (intent). in this way, a medical diagnosis can be used to justify excluding a person from equal participation in the justice system. this also raises serious concerns about the presumption of innocence: a person may be detained for years for compulsory treatment without the court examining the person’s actual attitude and intent toward the crime, undermining the purpose of the criminal process in general.57 “… defendants with disabilities should be judged based on their actual state of mind at the time of committing the acts, taking into account how the formation of intent or construction of knowledge with respect to the crimes charged may have been affected by the person’s subjective perception or experience of distress. irrespective of whether it conforms to what others might imagine as reasonable or expected. consideration of the subjective dimension of the mental element of a crime is required to ensure persons with disabilities have the opportunity to benefit from the doctrine of mens rea on an equal basis with others. moreover, defendants should be able to present evidence related to the existence of oppression, unbalanced power relations, or violence and how these impact on the defendant’s perceptions. in other words, in considering mens rea subjectively it is necessary to take into account contextual aspects, so as to ensure that disability is considered in a social context.”58 56 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’, r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub, july 2022, not publicly available. 57 which, in most jurisdictions, is to protect the person, society and the state from crime, as well as to protect the person and society from wrongdoing by persons in positions of power in their work related to the investigation of alleged or committed crimes, so that any person who has committed a crime is punished according to his guilt and no innocent person is held criminally responsible and convicted. 58 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’, r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub, july 2022, not publicly available. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 22 abandonment of the individual’s right to the presumption of innocence and in the denial of due process safeguards which are recognized in international law and applicable to every person are called by the crpd committee to be immediately discontinued as well as laws giving effect to such practices must be repealed.59 all these issues are in substance legal capacity related. states must ensure that the legal capacity of persons with disabilities is recognised at all levels of the criminal justice system, without discrimination. all persons with disabilities have a right to legal capacity and should not be denied access to justice – or participation in any justice processes and procedures – on the basis of disability.60 states are required by the crpd to “[e]nsure that constructs such as “cognitive incapacity” and “mental incapacity”, as determined, for instance, by functional or mental status assessments that are common in most legal systems, are not used to restrict the right to legal capacity.”61 as highlighted by the crpd committee in its general comment no.1, in most states: “where a person is considered to have impaired decision-making skills, often because of a cognitive or psychosocial disability, his or her legal capacity to make a particular decision is consequently removed.”62 this represents a “functional approach” which “attempts to assess mental capacity and deny legal capacity accordingly.” in such an approach, determinations are typically “based on whether a person can understand the nature and consequences of a decision and/or whether he or she can use or weigh the relevant information.” the crpd committee has strongly underlined that denial of legal capacity on the basis of a functional approach is discriminatory. indeed, such a functional approach presumes that the decision-making skills of a person with a disability are deficient in a way that applies solely to persons with disabilities and “presumes to be able to accurately assess the inner-workings of the human mind”, leading to the denial of rights.63 the general assumption must be in each and every case, that all people are capable of making, and thus being responsible for, their own decisions and actions.64 59 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 39. 60 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, principle 1. 61 ibid, international principles, in paragraph 1.2.c. 62 crpd committee, general comment no. 1, 11 april 2014, available at general comment no. 1 – article 12: equal recognition before the law (adopted 11 april 2014) – plain english version | ohchr, para. 15. 63 committee on the rights of persons with disabilities, ‘general comment no. 1 (2014) article 12: equal recognition before the law’, crpd/c/gc/1 (19 may 2014), para 15. 64 ibid. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 23 deprivation of legal capacity, whether formally mandated or as a result of informal or common and longstanding legal practices, processes and procedures, leads to exclusion from judicial and other legal processes. it has pervasive effects on the right of persons with disabilities to a fair trial under due process of law.65 the crpd committee has condemned common limitations of the rights of persons with disabilities, such as deprivation the right to be heard in person, pursue adversarial proceedings, give evidence or contest witnesses.66 all “instruments for protection” of disability rights must not be “based on removing legal capacity or otherwise hindering the access of persons with disabilities to justice.”67 a. case law preliminary reference before ecj (case с-467/2018) the issue of terminating criminal justice proceedings and substituting with compulsory treatment were subject to preliminary reference by the lukovit district court in bulgaria to the court of justice of the european union (cjeu, ecj).68 in its ruling69 the ecj confirms the shortcomings of such practice70 and criticises the existence of judicial proceedings which allows for persons in cases of insanity defense to be placed in psychiatric hospitals due to therapeutical and security reasons, without the court verifying that certain procedural rights of these persons were respected.71 further, the ecj clarifies that the presumption of innocence must be interpreted to require that the 65 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 34. 66 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 34. 67 gc no 6, para 49 (c). 68 the preliminary reference is available in bulgarian language at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=206294&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=bg&cid=2144006, and in english language at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=206294&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=en&cid=2144006 69 ruling dated 19.09.2019 of the ecj, case с-467/2018, available in bulgarian language at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=217905&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=bg&cid=2144006, and in english language at: https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=217905&mode=req&pageindex=1&dir=&occ=first&part=1&text=&doclang=en&cid=2144006 70 the court’s ruling confirms the deficiency of this procedure and its incompliance with directive 2012/13/eu on the right to information in criminal proceedings and directive 2013/48/eu on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings. 71 interpretation by the ecj on art. 47 of the charter of fundamental rights of the european union as well as art. 8, para 2 of directive 2012/13/eu and art. 12 of directive 2013/48/eu, point 2 of the ruling. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 24 prosecutor proves within the court proceedings that the person, whose hospitalisation is requested, is the actual perpetrator.72 medina vela v. mexico (no. 32/2015) in its views in the communication medina vela v. mexico (no. 32/2015),73 the crpd committee found a violation of article 12 of the crpd where the state denied the person with disability the possibility to exercise their legal capacity to plead not guilty, challenge the evidence against them, designate a defence lawyer and challenge any decisions.74 the state decided to apply a special procedure for persons exempt from criminal liability, and declared the applicant “unfit to testify”.75 the crpd committee recalled in this case that states are obliged to recognize that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life, and to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.76 marlon james noble v. australia (no. 7/2012) in its views in the communication marlon james noble v. australia (no. 7/2012), the crpd committee focused on the denial of legal capacity of persons with intellectual disabilities. the applicant was an individual with intellectual disability who was charged for two criminal offences but was declared unfit to stand trial and put into custody. the applicant complained a violation of various rights, including his right to liberty and the right to access justice. the committee found a violation of these rights and highlighted that states shall “(e)nsure that adequate support and accommodation measures are provided to persons with mental and intellectual disabilities to enable them to exercise their legal capacity before the courts whenever necessary (…).”77 doolan v. australia (no. 18/2013) the committee has adopted similar recommendations in its views in the communication doolan v. australia (no. 18/2013).78 the author of this communication was a man with psychosocial disability who was committed to custody after being 72 interpretation by the ecj on art. 3 of directive (eu) 2016/343 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings, and art. 51, para 1 of the charter of fundamental rights in view of art. 427 et seq of cpc, point three and four of the ruling. 73 views adopted by the committee under article 5 of the optional protocol concerning communication in medina vela v. mexico, no 32/2015, 15 october 2019. 74 ibid. para. 10.6. 75 ibid. para. 10.4. 76 ibid. para. 10.6. 77 crpd committee, views adopted by the committee under article 5 of the optional protocol, concerning communication no. 7/2012, un doc. crpd/c/16/d/7/2012 (2016). 78 crpd committee, views adopted by the committee under article 5 of the optional protocol, concerning communication no. 18/2013, un doc. crpd/c/22/d/18/2013, para. 9-10. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 25 charged with common assault.79 he complained the violation of several rights including his rights under articles 12, 13, 14, and 15 crpd because he was declared unfit to stand trial and he was denied his legal capacity.80 stanev v bulgaria in stanev v bulgaria81 the european court of human rights (ecthr) found a violation of article 6(1) (right to a fair trial) of echr as a result of the applicant being denied access to a court to seek the restoration of his legal capacity. it also found violations of articles 3 (prohibition of torture), 5 (right to liberty and security) and 13 (right to an effective remedy) of the echr. in this case, mr stanev was placed under partial guardianship and further placed in a social care institution. the conditions of life in the social care institution were extremely poor but mr stanev was not permitted to challenge his institutionalization without his guardian’s consent to initiate legal proceedings.82 in its decision, the court referred to articles 12 and 14 crpd and holding that an individual’s right to ask a court to review his declaration of incapacity was one of the most important rights for the person concerned. the court also observed that mr stanev’s legal capacity will be decisive for the exercise of all his rights and freedoms affected, in turn, by the declaration of incapacity.83 shtukaturov v. russia in shtukaturov v. russia,84 the ecthr held that there had been a violation of article 6 of the echr because the applicant had not been provided with an opportunity to participate in proceedings regarding the determination of is legal capacity. the court also found a violation of articles 5 and 8 of the echr. the applicant had a “mental disorder”, and was declared legally incapable by russian courts, and was confined in a psychiatric hospital against his will.85 in a similar way, in nikolyan v. armenia the court found that the applicant’s lack of access to court in divorce and eviction proceedings, as well as in proceedings though which he had sought restoration of his legal capacity had breached article 6(1) of the echr.86 in this case, the court also refers to article 8 echr (right to respect for private life), finding that: “the domestic legal system did not differentiate between different degrees of incapacity for persons 79ibid. para. 1-2.7. 80ibid. para. 3.5. 81 stanev v bulgaria, application no. 36760/06, judgment 17 january 2012, (2012) 55 ehrr 22, § 241. 82 see summary of the case https://mdac.org/en/content/stanev-v-bulgaria-gc 83 stanev v bulgaria, application no. 36760/06, judgment 17 january 2012, (2012) 55 ehrr 22, § 241 and para. 5. 84 shutkaturov v russia, ecthr, 27 march 2008, https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=003-2302658-2460255 85 ibid. para. 6-25. 86 nikolyan v. armenia, 3 october 2019. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 26 suffering from a mental disorder and did not provide for measures of protection tailored to the individual needs of the person concerned.“ in blokhin v russia, the grand chamber of the ecthr found a violation of article 6(1) (right to a fair trial) and article 3 (prohibition of torture) finding that the applicant’s “defence rights” had been violated.87 the applicant – a 12 year old child with mental and neurobehavioural disorder – had been questioned by the police without access to legal assistance and was not permitted to question the statements of two witnesses that served as a basis for his placement in temporary detention.88 the european court of human rights does more often acknowledge the relevance and application of the crpd. in its decisions the ecthr focuses on procedural legal standards. in particular, the court ruled that the right to a fair trial implies access to effective remedies and that the deprivation of liberty on mental health grounds should present both an objective and a subjective element to not be arbitrary (stanev v. bulgaria).89 in other cases, it highlighted the importance of procedural guarantees like participating in the proceedings (shtukaturov v. russia),90 having access to court (nikolyan v. armenia),91 or having access to information (z.h. v. hungary )92 in order to guarantee respect of the right to liberty. in general, the court focuses its argumentation on procedural safeguards and “defence rights” like in blokhin v. russia.93 however, the legal standards developed through this jurisprudence do not seem to guarantee the same level of protection as required by the crpd. while the ecthr sets the requirements needed to avoid arbitrary detention on grounds of mental health, article 14.1 crpd clarifies that “the existence of a disability shall in no case justify a deprivation of liberty.” therefore, according to the crpd, the detention of persons on the grounds of their mental disability would be arbitrary per se. moreover, the ecthr found violations of the echr on the basis of a lack of procedural guarantees in the proceedings to declare legal incapacity and it refers to different grades of legal incapacity (nikolyan v. armenia).94 on the other hand, article 12.2 crpd clearly states 87ecthr grand chamber, blockhin v russia, application no. 47152/06, judgment of 23 march 2016, para. 216. 88 ibid. para. 10-54. 89 ecthr, stanev v bulgaria, application no. 36760/06, judgment 17 january 2012. 90 ecthr, shtukaturov v. russia, application no. 44009/05, judgment of 27 march 2008. 91 ecthr,nikolyan v. armenia,application no. 74438/14 , judgment of 3 october 2019. 92 ecthr, z.h. v. hungary, application no. 28973/11, judgment of 8 february 2013. 93 ecthr grand chamber, blokhin v russia, application no. 47152/06, judgment of 23 march 2016. 94 ecthr, nikolyan v. armenia, application no. 74438/14, judgment of 3 october 2019. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 27 that “persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life,” and it does not refer to different grades of legal capacity. b. practical guidance and recommendations 1. recognize and assume the full legal capacity and right of defendants with disabilities to participate in all stages of the proceedings and in all courts a. provide persons with disabilities the support and accommodations necessary to exercise their legal capacity; b. ensure that constructs such as “cognitive incapacity” and “mental incapacity,” as determined, for instance, by functional or mental status assessments, are not used to restrict a person’s right to legal capacity. c. ensure that defendants who have been previously declared to be without legal capacity to participate in court proceedings have the right to appeal or otherwise seek restoration of their legal capacity and have access to accommodations and supports, as well as legal assistance to participate in court proceedings. d. judges and other relevant justice actors should bring to the attention of the law makers any legislation that is in violation of the crpd. e. if a defendant with a disability lacks the necessary intent (mens rea) within the usual meaning of the term, the defendant should be treated the same way as any other defendant who lacks intent.95 2. ensure that all suspects and accused persons with disabilities are presumed innocent until proven guilty under the law a. already during the pre-trial stage of the proceedings, the presumption of innocence might be affected. 3. in place of the insanity defense/incompetency to stand trial law, the state should establish mechanisms to support and accommodate persons with disabilities in the criminal justice system a. this could include the use of communication facilitators (intermediaries), advocates, and other support individuals and processes (see more about communication facilitators in bulgaria in section 6.1 below). 95 implementing the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities in criminal justice systems, a briefing paper, july 2022, p. 19. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 28 b. restorative justice may be a fair way to divert defendants with disabilities away from the criminal justice system. c. improving the public defence system is another important step that will aid in the process of eliminating capacity-based interventions. public defenders and all lawyers “must understand the impact of criminal justice system on persons with disabilities, communicate effectively, and recognise and be faithful to the tenants of legal capacity.”96 4. ensure that any assessments conducted on defendants with disabilities before and during court proceedings are aimed at determining the procedural accommodation and support required to ensure their full and effective participation in the proceedings; a. such assessments must take into considerations the will and preference of the individual with disability. 5. ensure safe, fair and effective engagement of the persons with disabilities in the proceedings and the opportunity to fully participate in proceedings a. ensure the provision of adjustments and accommodations and supports, including intermediaries/facilitators, wherever and whenever needed, to enable clear communication among and between persons with disabilities and courts; and – support services or person. 6. review policies, guidelines and practices a. review all policies, guidelines and practices that directly or indirectly restrict the legal capacity of persons with disabilities, including those that establish and apply doctrines of “insanity defence” and “incompetency to stand trial”, which prevent persons with disabilities from participating in legal processes based on questions about or determinations of their capacity; b. review all policies, guidelines and practices that authorize medical professionals to be the sole or preferred “experts” in determining how and to what extent and with what support persons with disabilities can participate in legal proceedings; c. review policies, guidelines and practices, including court orders, that subject defendants with disabilities to detention (whether in a prison, a 96 ‘implementing the crpd in criminal justice systems – briefing paper’, r. fleischner, access to justice knowledge hub, july 2022, not publicly available. 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 29 mental health facility or any other institution) for a definite or indefinite term based on perceived dangerousness or need for care. 7. train police officers on accommodating different types of disabilities and on the rights of people with disabilities to avoid stereotypes or misunderstanding of some behaviours. 8. criminal justice reform must consider crime prevention a. defendants with disabilities tend to struggle with poverty, little or no education, and no community support other than psychiatric care. thus, preventing crime and recidivism would necessitate an intersectional approach, as well as the establishment of an effective system of community-based services. 9. policymakers should put persons with disabilities who have lived through the criminal justice system at the center of all reform efforts. c. promising practice sweden abolished the insanity defence in 1965. swedish law recognizes mens rea (meaning intent or “guilty mind”) as an element of a crime but provides that a defendant’s mental status may not be considered in determination of guilt. rather, a person’s mental disability may be considered in sentencing. a guilty defendant with a psychosocial disability may, therefore, be committed to a forensic facility for treatment. the term of the institutionalization is indefinite, but the individual must be released when the requirements for involuntary psychiatric treatment are no longer met. therefore, although defendants in sweden will have the right to have their cases adjudicated, and an opportunity to force the government to prove its case, the outcome – indefinite institutionalization – may be the same as for defendants who successfully use the insanity defence in nations that allow it. in its comments to belgium, the crpd recommended changes to laws to guarantee that persons with disabilities “who have committed a crime … be tried under the ordinary criminal procedure, on an equal basis with others and with the same guarantees, although with specific adjustments to ensure their equal participation in the criminal justice system.” in 2009, the high commissioner for human rights wrote that recognition of the legal capacity of persons with disabilities requires replacing 04 presumption of innocence and legal capacity 30 criminal defences based on “mental or intellectual disability” with “disability-neutral” doctrines. in portugal, the law guarantees that all persons have legal capacity through the scheme of an “accompanied adult,” which permits that if a person cannot exercise their rights, it is possible to request the necessary accompanying measures from the court. the measures can be requested by the public prosecutor’s office, by the persons themselves and by the spouse or other relative with the consent of the person. in spain, law 8/2021 recognised legal capacity for all people with disability, guardianship was eliminated, and judicial measures of support for people with disabilities are adopted as last resort. in this way the spanish legislation moved from a system of substitution of decision-making to a system of support in decision-making. 04 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 31 implementing rights of defendants with disabilities: procedural accommodations 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 32 procedural accommodations are not yet recognised as a state obligation nor a right of the defendant with disabilities. apart from the requirement for sign language interpreters, it is possible to conclude that no actual procedural accommodations are in place. yet, procedural accommodations are vital in ensuring access to justice for persons with disabilities and realizing a range of human rights including the rights to legal capacity, participation, information, interpretation, lawyer and legal aid. it is difficult to outline all possible accommodations for persons with disabilities, as these are case specific and depend on individual situations. under article 12(3) un crpd national authorities must: “create an actionable and enforceable right to receive the individually determined procedural accommodations, including support, necessary to enable persons with disabilities to participate effectively in all proceedings in any court, tribunal or forum”. the crpd committee has “consistently indicated that procedural accommodations should be provided on the basis of the ‘free choice and preference’ of the person concerned.”97 with specific references to judges, according to the un ohchr, it has indicated that “[t]he judge or the responsible entity should give primary consideration to the request of the individual with disability, as they know best what their own accommodation needs are.”98 moreover, in its views in the communication medina vela v. mexico (no. 32/2015),99 the committee found a violation of article 13 of the crpd (effective access to justice on an equal basis with others) due to mexico’s failure to make provision of procedural accommodations. the state in this case had denied the applicant the possibility of exercising their right to access justice by failing to ensure their opportunity to participate in the judicial proceedings. the applicant was not permitted to testify, refute evidence or attend hearings pertaining to his own case. furthermore, the applicant was not notified of the decisions taken in his matter. the application for the special procedure did not guarantee that procedural accommodations would be made to enable the applicant to access justice on an equal basis with others. 97 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 26. 98 un ohchr, ‘report – right to access to justice under article 13 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities’ (december 2017), a/hrc/37/25, para 26. 99 views adopted by the committee under article 5 of the optional protocol concerning communication no 32/2015, 15 october 2019, para 10.7. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 33 the crpd committee has addressed the importance of granting procedural accommodations also in its views in the communication gemma beasley v. australia no. 11/2013.100 the applicant in this case was deaf and was summoned to be a juror in criminal jurisdiction. however, she was denied the assistance of a sign-language interpreter or other procedural accommodation that would allow her to exercise her role.101 in its recommendations, the committee recalled the state’s duty to ensure reasonable and procedural accommodations to enable her to fully participate.102 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities principle 3 “persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, have the right to appropriate procedural accommodations.”103 to prevent (…) discrimination and ensure that the effective and equal participation of persons with disabilities is guaranteed in all legal proceedings, states are required to take measures to provide gender and age-appropriate individualized procedural accommodations for persons with disabilities. such accommodations encompass all the necessary and appropriate modifications and adjustments needed in a particular case, including: • access to intermediaries or facilitators, • provision of procedural adjustments, and • modifications, adjustments to the environment and communication support, to ensure access to justice for persons with disabilities. accommodations should be organized before the commencement of proceedings.104 police officers, prosecutors and others involved in arrests and investigations of criminal offences should be knowledgeable about the rights of persons with disabilities, be alert 100 crpd committee, views adopted by the committee under article 5 of the optional protocol, concerning communication no. 11/2013, un doc. crpd/c/15/d/11/2013 (2016). 101 ibid. para. 1-2.3. 102 ibid. para. 9. 103 international principles and guidelines, principle 3. 104 ibid, principle 3, guideline 31, p.15. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 34 to the possibility that a person may have a disability and, throughout the course of an arrest or investigation, adjust their responses accordingly.105 independent third persons, such as attorneys or others, should be available to accompany persons with disabilities to the police station to assist them in the investigative process, including, for example, fingerprinting or giving a biological sample.106 all participants in legal proceedings must be advised of the availability of procedural accommodations if needed and desired because of disability.107 it is also important to note, that if procedural accommodations for the person with disability are not made during police interrogations, such interrogations might be declared unlawful by the courts, which might impede the delivery of justice. a. requests for and offers of accommodations according to the international principles, states should enact legislation and produce guidelines that enable “persons with disabilities to request procedural accommodations, including modifications of or support in legal processes, with appropriate protection of their privacy.”108 throughout the course of legal proceedings, all participants must be “advised of the availability of procedural accommodations if needed and desired because of disability.”109 the international principles also explain that states shall guarantee the availability of procedural accommodations to give people with disabilities the possibility to choose how to defend themselves.110 the crpd committee highlights the main difference between procedural accommodations and reasonable accommodations. while reasonable accommodations are limited by the concept of disproportionality, procedural accommodations do not have this limitation.111 105 international principles, p 16. 106 international principles, guideline 3.2(i). 107 international principles, p 17. 108 international principles, para 32(k). 109 ibid, para 32(l). 110 international principles, para. 5.2 f. 111 gc no. 6, para. 25 d. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 35 states must therefore provide for the possibility for all persons with disabilities to have access to all procedural accommodations they may need to participate fully in justice processes. this duty to determine which accommodation are needed and make them available exists even where the person in question does not request such accommodations. the committee describes leaving the responsibility of requesting accommodations on persons with disabilities alone as placing a “disproportionate or undue burden” on such already marginalized individuals.112 although a person with disability may eventually choose to not accept the accommodations suggested or provided by the state, the state is nevertheless required to offer and make accommodations – determined in consultation with the person with disability themselves – available. despite these obligations, in bulgaria, like in other eu member states, there are no guidelines for justice actors in relation to requesting and/or offering procedural accommodations.113 too often persons with disabilities are not believed, when they disclose their disabilities and needs. justice actors should assume, in good faith, that an individuals’ disclosure of a disability and their requests for accommodations are accurate and necessary unless proven otherwise in clear terms and on an objective basis. practical guidance and recommendations 1. the defendant’s right to a fair trial on an equal basis with others must be respected from the first contact with law enforcement officers and throughout all processes, through access to procedural accommodations. a. all justice actors must ensure that accommodations are available for persons with disabilities to allow for their participation in each procedure, from the first contact with law enforcement authorities and through all processes. b. persons with disabilities should participate in the determination of their disability. an allegation of an individual that they have a disability is enough to place an obligation on the authorities to make a full determination, taking into account the individual’s views. 112 para 25(b). 113 national briefing paper, bulgaria, 2023, p.16. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 36 c. adequate support services should be made available within the criminal justice system to ensure the provision of procedural accommodations for persons with disabilities. i. where identification of needs for procedural accommodations needs to be in place, it has to be done at the beginning of the proceedings, at the earliest moment possible. ii. preparations for procedural accommodations and other adjustments in the hearing must be made prior to the hearing/trial. 2. all participants, including defendants with disabilities, should be informed about their rights and the availability of procedural accommodations throughout the course of the proceedings. a. ensure that defendants are aware of the possibility to have procedural accommodations throughout the proceedings and know that they can request them at any time. b. it should not be the sole responsibility of the defendant to request the accommodations. all justice actors have a proactive duty to initiate the provision of accommodations. 3. a comprehensive procedure for recognising, requesting, assessing, and providing individual support for persons with disabilities should be developed and implemented. good practice in spain procedural accommodations can be requested by any of the parties by the public prosecutor, the judge or by the person with a disability themselves. the police can request them when .. with a person with a disability. 4. clear and effective procedures on procedural accommodations must be developed and implemented by all justice actors whenever a person with disabilities, in particular intellectual and/or psychosocial disabilities, faces the criminal justice system. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 37 a. a guide or manual on procedural accommodations for the administration of justice should be created to facilitate justice actor’s approach to persons with disabilities. b. all relevant actors must cooperate to establish a more uniform and efficient framework for providing appropriate procedural accommodations for defendants with disabilities. efficient coordination is necessary among the agents of justice at the state, regional, and local levels. c. all procedural accommodations should be gender- and age-appropriate. 5. systemic recommendations a. judiciaries should develop and adopt rules/guidelines that recognise the right to receive procedural, age and gender-appropriate accommodations, including support, necessary to enable defendants with disabilities to exercise their legal capacity, and participate effectively in all proceedings in court.114 b. justice actors and national authorities should consult closely with and actively involve persons with disabilities and their representative organizations in all discussions and decision-making regarding procedural accommodations. b. individual assessment for adoption of procedural accommodations in addition to seeking input from the individual about their accommodation needs, an individual assessment is a necessary and appropriate process to ensure the full and proper participation of persons with disabilities in criminal proceedings. such individual assessments should be used to: 114 these include- adaptation of the venue; appropriate waiting spaces; removal of cloaks and wigs; adjustments to the pace of proceedings; separate building entrances and waiting rooms and protective screens to separate persons with disabilities from others if necessary due to physical or emotional distress; modifications to the method of questioning in appropriate circumstances, such as allowing leading questions, avoiding compound questions, finding alternatives to complex hypothetical questions, providing extra time to answer, permitting breaks as needed and using plain language; and use of pre-trial video recording of evidence and testimony, if necessary, practical and possible, in such a manner as not to contravene basic rights, such as the right to confront and cross- examine witnesses. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 38 “identify the particular barriers that a person with disability experiences (…) and their specific support needs. it determines how to remove or overcome the barriers, what support and procedural accommodations are necessary, and how to provide these. ideally, it should take place from the first contact with the relevant authorities in the administration of justice.”115 in eu law, the recommendation on vulnerable persons, states that it is important to identify and recognize vulnerability.116 the recommendations suggest that: “an initial assessment should be carried out by police officers, law enforcement or judicial authorities. the competent authorities should also be able to ask an independent expert to examine the degree of vulnerability, the needs of the vulnerable person and the appropriateness of any measures taken or envisaged against the vulnerable person.117 the persons concerned (suspects or accused) should have the right to challenge such assessment.”118 responsibility for such individual assessments typically lies with a range of criminal justice actors and authorities in charge of the different phases of criminal proceedings from police to prosecuting authorities and legal to the judicial officers. however, in practice, the individual assessment process can be initiated, implemented and coordinated through support services, social workers, law enforcement, court officials, court-appointed experts, and other professionals. a particular type of qualified institution or professional can be mandated by law or court order to systematically conduct and update the individual assessment in criminal proceedings.119 overall, justice actors should take responsibility for ensuring that such assessments have occurred and that the nature of such assessments have led to measures which have ensured a fair process to persons with disabilities that is consistent with states obligations under the crpd. according to a validity toolchest120 focused on victims with disabilities, an individual assessment should: 115 validity, voices for justice, toolchest for professionals, p.22, see: https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/voices-for-justice-toolchest-for-professionals-_en.pdf 116 recital 6, commission recommendation 2013/c-378/02 on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings. 117 ibid. 118 ibid, recital 7. 119 validity, toolchest, p. 24. 120 validity voices for justice, toolchest for professionals, p.24-25. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 39 • be conducted in a systematic way from first contact with the justice system. the information can be shared in a way that does not compromise the confidentiality of the individual and ensures that their needs are understood and met; • respect the legal capacity of the person, and their will and preference; • involve a multidisciplinary approach and team to include the correct people and expertise in the process. for people with disabilities, this may include, as examples, a support person, a social worker, a communications expert, a lawyer; • set out clearly the barriers that the person with disability faces, and what support and procedural accommodations are necessary to overcome these barriers, including where responsibility lies for provision, and how these will be provided in practice; • take place continuously, so that needs and barriers can be identified and addressed at all stages of the process; and • identify a particular contact person to whom the person with disability can always go to with requests for additional or different forms of support and procedural accommodations. issues and challenges the quality of information available to competent authorities, including justice actors, necessarily determines the effectiveness of accommodations that can be devised and provided while taking into account the person’s will, preferences and needs. this information should be gathered as soon as possible, before questioning begins, through a preliminary assessment with this goal in mind. in practice, information about disability may be difficult to obtain for a variety of reasons. a defendant may be uncomfortable or afraid to disclose their disability due to stigma or mistrust of criminal justice authorities based on their perceptions and/or experiences. this may be felt even more strongly, for example, by female defendants due to societal stigma associated with and discrimination prevalent on the basis of both gender and disability individually and simultaneously. alternatively, a defendant may in fact be unaware of their own disability or the impact it may have on their ability to participate effectively in justice processes and procedures. moreover, the accelerated nature of some criminal justice proceedings may make conducting an assessment by 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 40 a competent professional prior to the first questioning practically difficult and seemingly cumbersome for court processes and localized levels. in practice, disability-rights organizations report that there is no methodology for identifying disability in criminal justice systems in bulgaria. when they are not provided with medical documentation, justice actors must rely on their personal sensitivity and knowledge to determine whether an individual has a disability and whether this has any bearing on their ability to participate in justice processes and procedures. if justice actors believe there is something “wrong” with the way a person communicates or behaves, and they suspect that sufficient evidence for the commission of a crime that has been alleged exists, they will typically file a request for forensic expertise in relation to an individual’s disability. a psychiatrist and a psychologist then conduct an examination, which is designed to determine the person’s “sanity/competency” to stand trial. some interviewees reported experiencing such evaluations as being biased towards certain outcomes, diagnosis-centered and prejudiced against them as persons with disabilities. they also reported that the conclusions of such “expert evaluations” are frequently accepted by justice actors without further consideration and then dominate the entire justice process.121 one good practice has been identified in bulgaria, whereby sometimes an ngo assesses the social functioning of an individual with a disability. such an assessment may help to provide information to the court on the person’s social functioning and communication needs, which can assist a court to enable the provisions of support for an individual’s effective participation in a trial. however, the practice is relatively new and has only covered a small number of cases thus far.122 (please see below section 6 ‘good practices’) practical guidance and recommendations 1. a practical mechanism to identify disability early in the procedure (individual assessment) should be developed and implemented, ensuring that all necessary measures are taken to ensure that the person with a disability can go through the criminal procedure on an equal basis. a. identification, for example through an individual assessment, should occur early in the criminal justice process at the very beginning of the 121 national briefing paper, bulgaria, 2023, p. 50 122 national briefing paper, bulgaria, 2023, p. 31, a video explaining the aim of the assessment and how it can be used, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtqupc9uuj8. so far, this instrument is used mostly in civil law cases. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 41 proceedings, and prior to any actions undertaken as part of the criminal justice proceedings, for instance prior to police interview. b. the police and law enforcement authorities and any other justice actor or other individual involved in identification of disability must identify, if someone has a disability, and provide assistance, accommodations and support from early stages of the proceedings. these actors should be adequately trained on this duty and be able to identify disability early in the process. good practice in some, countries such as uk and spain, this assessment can be done by intermediaries. c. assessment and communication in this regard should not be used to diagnose or specify disability, but rather to obtain the information required for the competent authority to determine, in consultation with the person with a disability, and decide the provision of procedural accommodations. 2. identify and disseminate best practices regarding the identification of disability and develop training actions focusing on the human rights model of disability and which adjustments should be made so that persons with disabilities can participate on an equal basis.123 good practice in bulgaria, the courts use an “ngo assessment of the social functioning of persons with disabilities and their special needs.”124 this assessment is designed to be used in all courts addressing cases with persons with disabilities. it aims to increase the effective participation in the trial and to improve the protection of the person’s rights and interests.125 3. information sharing rules and safeguards should be in place when individual assessment is being conducted by justice actors. 123 portugal national paper. 124 national briefing paper, bulgaria, 2023, p. 31. 125 ibid. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 42 4. the defendants should be involved in the development of the individual assessment, should receive it when finalised and should have the right to comment on it, with communication and other support as necessary. 5. judges and other justice actors should verify that the individual assessment has been completed early in the process. c. intermediaries (or communication facilitators) intermediaries (also sometimes referred to as “communication facilitators”) are persons who work, as required, with justice system personnel and persons with disabilities to ensure effective communication by and with a person with a disability during legal proceedings. some persons performing similar roles may be referred to as communication assistants (australia) or communication support specialists (us).126 intermediaries are typically appointed and employed by the court127 and their aim is to facilitate communication for the court in the proceedings relative to access to justice. they are not support persons per se but rather a conduit to facilitate effective communication, to ensure that a defendant or accused person understands questions and can be understood by justice actors and other participants in legal processes. the intermediary also takes time to understand the communication needs of the defendant/accused and should be involved in a case at the earliest point possible, ideally at the point at which the accused is interviewed by the police. through intermediaries, persons with disabilities can be supported in making informed choices and effectively communicating them. this is done in different ways depending on the individual’s particular disability but always by making sure that things are explained and talked about in ways that the individual understands. intermediaries also have a key role to play in recommending appropriate accommodations and supports, which may be provided to assist an individual’s effective participation in the legal process.128 the role of an intermediary may vary across various jurisdictions. 126 jisk – module 2 defining the justice intermediary, p.3, see: https://justiceintermediary.org/modules/ 127 for instance, in the united kingdom, the criminal procedure (amendment) rules 2021, article 18.27 clarifies that intermediaries are appointed by the court. 128 ibid. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 43 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities principle 1, guideline 1.2.j enjoins states to: “provide intermediaries or facilitators, wherever and whenever needed, to enable clear communication among and between persons with disabilities and courts, tribunals and law enforcement agencies to ensure safe, fair and effective engagement and the opportunity to fully participate in legal processes”.129 intermediaries or facilitators, must be available to facilitate communication between persons with disabilities and law enforcement and court personnel.130 according to the international principles, “intermediaries are neutral and they do not speak for persons with disabilities or for the justice system, nor do they lead or influence decisions or outcomes.”131 intermediaries (facilitators) provide support for persons with disabilities in order for them to enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others.132 independent intermediaries or facilitators trained to provide communication assistance to parties to the proceedings and the justice system should be available in every justice system.133 intermediaries should be best considered as officers of the court and be responsible to the court or justice system more broadly. an appellate court in england described how an intermediary assisted a defendant with intellectual and communication disability in a criminal case in the following way: “… maintained a visual record to enable the [defendant] to follow the evidence; she wrote simple sentences for him; and she held twice daily meetings with [him] outside court to summarise past and future events in the trial; she assisted him with a vocabulary folder to explain more difficult concepts; and she was eventually able to explain satisfactorily to him what the role of the jury was.”134 issues and challenges 129 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities (2020), p. 9. 130 ibid. 131 international principles, p 10. 132 principles, principle 3. 133 international principles, p. 15. 134 r. v. dixon, [2013] ewca crim. 465ª available at https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/ewca/crim/2013/465.html in: implementing the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities in criminal justice systems, a briefing paper, july 2022. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 44 in the number of eu member states intermediaries or communication facilitators for defendants with disabilities in criminal proceedings are not regulated by law at all.135 access to intermediaries is also often difficult. even in states, where the use of facilitators is enshrined in law, there are no clear indications on other practical elements to organize and allow their work. for example, spanish laws do not specify who can perform this role, what qualifications are required for the role, or how facilitators should be funded.136 in romania, for instance, communication facilitators or intermediaries are not regulated by law, but in practice criminal justice actors sometimes seek the assistance “informal intermediaries/support persons” when they see fit (these are sometimes referred to as “intermediaries” but are not regulated as such).137 there are instances when the court may order that a psychologist138 (when dealing with a victim of a crime, also a specialist in victim counselling) is present during the hearing, but only specifically for a victim of a crime139 or a minor140 whenever they are a victim or a witness.141 no such provision is made for a defendant or other participants in justice processes. in terms of the crpd, provision for support for persons with disabilities should be provided to all participants in all justice processes and procedures irrespective of the nature of the participation by the individual with a disability.142 in spain,143 the civil procedure act and the voluntary jurisdiction act expressly provides for accommodations for persons with disabilities and allows for an “expert professional to act as facilitator to provide the necessary adaptations and accommodations to enable the person with a disability to understand and be understood.”144 however, although this role is recognised by law, it has not been further regulated and detailed by guidelines and policies. this means that it is not specified by law who can perform this function, what qualifications, expertise and experience are required to do so, or how such positions are to be financed or by whom. 135 see for instance romania, lithuania (lithuania national study, enable april 2023, p.13), slovenia (slovenia national study, enable, april 2023, p.56), portugal (portugal, national study, enable april 2023, p.39), slovakia (slovakia national study, enable, april 2023, p.16) 136 spain national paper, section 3.1.2.2/page 20. 137 clr, national paper enable project, romania, april 2023, p.12. 138 in the provisions of the romanian criminal code only the psychologist and the specialist in victim counselling are specified to be present at a hearing in cases with victims of crimes (adult or underage). and in the case of underage witnesses the provisions specify only the presence of a psychologist in a hearing. project partners do not have any data regarding initial training or continuous training for psychologists in these cases. 139 art. 111 (6) (b) criminal code, romania, see: clr, national paper enable project, romania, april 2023, p.12. 140 art. 111 (81) criminal code, romania, see: clr, national paper enable project, romania, april 2023, p.12. 141 art. 124 (1) criminal code, romania, see: clr, national paper enable project, romania, april 2023, p.12. 142 clr, national paper enable project, romania, april 2023, p.23. 143 national enable study on spain, april 2023, p.21. 144 ibid. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 45 according to plena inclusión, the author of national study in the enable project, in most cases the disabilities were only discovered after the trial, and therefore there are typically no facilitators involved in the proceedings, although the spanish law permits their involvement.145 please see more about the intermediary scheme in bulgaria in section 6 ‘good practices’ below. practical guidance and recommendations 1. where needed, an intermediary should be called to assist in communication during police interviews with the person with disability suspected of the crime. 2. as a form of procedural accommodation, intermediaries/communication facilitators should be provided to defendants with disabilities wherever and whenever needed, to enable clear communication between them and the courts, to ensure safe, fair and effective engagement, and to provide the opportunity to fully participate in all stages of proceedings. a. a sufficient number of trained intermediaries should be made available for persons with disabilities from the start of the proceedings, and at all stages of the administration of justice. b. systematic training on the role of intermediaries should be in place. c. the use of intermediaries should not generate any costs for persons with disabilities. otherwise, it would be discriminatory. 3. systemic recommendations: a. in the long-term procedural accommodations – including the possibility of an intermediary/communication facilitator – should be included in national legislation and rules applicable to the courts to ensure the full implementation of the crpd in the justice systems. b. develop a code of conduct for intermediaries, which could include the following: who can be an intermediary, what conditions need to be fulfilled, code of ethics, the need to remain a neutral part in the process, sanctions. 145 spain national study, enable project, april 2023, p.29. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 46 d. right to be accompanied by a support person, which may include a relative the right to be accompanied by a support person, including a relative, is not directly provided by the crpd but it is an essential component of a set of measures to ensure equal access to justice for persons with disabilities. in particular, article 12(3) of the crpd requires states to provide persons with disabilities with access to the support they may require to exercise their legal capacity, which is, if appropriately organized, supported by the possibility of such accompaniment. the crpd committee has interpreted the term “support” in article 12 as sufficiently broad to include the possibility of persons with disabilities being entitled to choose one or more trusted persons to assist them in exercising their legal capacity.146 the third principle of the un international principles and guidelines explicitly refers to the obligation of states to guarantee the right to be accompanied. international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities principle 3, guideline 3.2.d requires states to ensure procedural accommodations by: “(d) allowing persons with disabilities, at all stages of the process if they so choose, to be accompanied by family, friends or others to provide emotional and moral support, without replacing, however, the role of an intermediary or facilitator.” these support persons play an important and specific role that differs from the one of the intermediaries. as explained in the previous section (section iv.1.3), intermediaries may have different functions, but in general, offer practical support to facilitate communication and to provide adequate accommodations. families, friends, and other trusted persons can offer moral and emotional support.147 practical guidance and recommendations 1. since the first contact with the authorities, persons with disabilities should be informed of their right to be accompanied by a support person of their choice, that could include a family member. 146 crpd committee, gc no.1 para 17. 147 un international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, principle 3.2.d. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 47 a. ensure that the trusted person can be present during all stages of the proceeding. b. identify a procedure to indicate the support person and provide adequate legal provisions to regulate the procedure. c. allow persons with disability to choose their support person. do not assume that the support person will necessarily be a family member or that a person with disability will necessarily want to make use of a support person. d. do not replace the intermediary/communication facilitator with the support person. the facilitator and the support person have different roles and where needed, they should both be guaranteed at all stages of the proceeding (see more about communication facilitators in bulgaria in section 6.1 below). 2. there should be the possibility to have face-to-face contact with the trusted person. contact only via phone call might especially not be adequate for some persons and circumstances, for instance for persons with sensory disabilities or deaf persons. e. procedural adjustments and modifications article 13 crpd requires states to “ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations.” general comment no. 1 of the crpd committee on equality before the law clarifies that persons with disabilities may need support to access justice and this support “could take various forms, including recognition of diverse communication methods, allowing video testimony in certain situations, procedural accommodation, the provision of professional sign language interpretation and other assistive methods.”148 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities 148 crpd committee, general comment no.1 on article 12: equal recognition before the law, crpd/c/gc/1 (2014), para. 39. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 48 procedures must be adopted for hearings that ensure the fair treatment and full participation of persons with disabilities. for instance:149 (i) adaptation of the venue; (ii) appropriate waiting spaces; (iii) removal of cloaks and wigs; (iv) adjustments to the pace of proceedings; (v) separate building entrances and waiting rooms and protective screens to separate persons with disabilities from others if necessary due to physical or emotional distress; (vi) modifications to the method of questioning in appropriate circumstances, such as allowing leading questions, avoiding compound questions, finding alternatives to complex hypothetical questions, providing extra time to answer, permitting breaks as needed and using plain language; (vii) use of pre-trial video recording of evidence and testimony, if necessary, practical and possible, in such a manner as not to contravene basic rights, such as the right to confront and cross examine witnesses. practical guidance and recommendations 1. ensure that the venue in the justice system, including waiting areas, is always sufficiently adapted and accessible for persons with disabilities – and appropriate to the specific needs of the person. a. for instance, limit exposure to others when necessary.150 b. consider seating and positioning to be adapted when needed (for instance lawyers sitting with their back to the defendant in court, may need adaptation) c. ensure the contact with the justice system is not intimidating – for instance remove uniforms by police officers, it may be helpful to make the setting less formal and intimidating. 149 international principles, p.16. 150 uk bench book. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 49 2. ensure the pace of the proceedings is well adjusted – ensure for instance rather short sessions, frequent breaks.151 3. make available support animals services to support persons with disabilities when waiting for court or when giving evidence.152 f. communication support everyone is entitled to understand and be understood in all justice processes and procedures so that access to justice is guaranteed to all. article 2 of the crpd defines “communication” to include languages, display of text, braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia as well as written, audio, plain-language, human-reader and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, including accessible information and communication technology.153 it also defines “language” to include spoken and signed languages and other forms of non-spoken languages.154 under article 4 of the crpd, states are obligated to undertake or promote research and development pertaining to an availability and use of new technologies, including: information and communication technologies; mobility aids; devices; and assistive technologies. such technologies must be suitable for persons with disabilities, giving priority to technologies at an affordable cost.155 in addition, states are obligated to provide accessible information to persons with disabilities about mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, including new technologies, as well as other forms of assistance, support services and facilities.156 in terms of article 9 of the crpd, states must take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities enjoy access, on an equal basis with others, to, in the broadest possible range of settings: the physical environment; transportation; information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems; and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public.157 151 justice intermediary starter kit, module 7 accommodations, p.5. 152 according to the disability access bench book of the judicial college of victoria, australia, assistance animal is an animal that is trained to perform tasks or functions that help a person with a disability to alleviate the effects of the disability. this includes animals trained to pick things up for people with mobility disabilities, animals trained to assist people who have seizures, or to provide comfort to vulnerable witnesses when waiting for court or when giving evidence from a remote witness facility. the practice is also used currently in the us and uk. 153 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 154 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 155 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 156 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 157 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 50 article 21 of the crpd requires states to take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities can exercise the right to freedom of expression and opinion. this includes the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas on an equal basis with others and through all forms of communication of their choice.158 the crpd committee’s general comment no. 2 specifies that information and communications technology include the internet, mobile phones, radio, television, computers and computer equipment.159 states have a duty to make the internet and other information and communications technology accessible to persons with disabilities.160 the general comment also further clarifies that article 9 of the crpd requires that any public buildings and places should provide support for persons with disabilities, including: (1) clear signs in braille and easy to understand formats; and (2) communication and support services, including people who can guide persons with disabilities around the building or communicate in sign language.161 all processes in the justice system must provide the technical and other support necessary for the defendants with disabilities to use any form of communication as necessary162 for their full participation, including: (i) assistive listening systems and devices (useful in case of hearing impairments);163 (ii) open, closed and real-time captioning, and closed caption decoders and devices (useful in case of hearing impairments);164 (iii) voice, text and video-based telecommunications products (useful in case of hearing impairments); (iv) videotext displays (useful in case of hearing impairments); 158 convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2006), accessible here 159 committee on the rights of persons with disabilities, ‘general comment no. 2 (2014) on article 9: accessibility’, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014), accessible here 160 committee on the rights of persons with disabilities, ‘general comment no. 2 (2014) on article 9: accessibility’, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014), accessible here 161 committee on the rights of persons with disabilities, ‘general comment no. 2 (2014) on article 9: accessibility’, crpd/c/gc/2 (2014), accessible here 162 international principles, p 16. 163 for instance, see: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/assistive-devices-people-hearing-voice-speech-or-language-disorders 164 for instance, see: https://www.washington.edu/doit/what-difference-between-open-and-closed-captioning 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 51 (v) computer-assisted real-time transcription (useful in case of hearing impairments, cognitive or learning impairments);165 (vi) screen reader software, magnification software and optical readers (useful in case of visual impairments);166 and (vii) video description and secondary auditory programming devices that pick up audio feeds for television programmes (useful in case of hearing impairments). suitability of telephone- and video-conferencing may need to be determined on a case-by-case basis.167 in some instances they will be totally unsuitable for persons with disabilities, in other instances they will require modification of settings and modes, and still their use may significantly enhance the ability of individuals with disabilities to participate in legal processes. in addition to intermediaries/facilitators and trusted persons discussed above, other support persons may assist individuals with disabilities in a variety of ways. such persons might include: i. note-takers (useful in case of hearing impairments, intellectual and psycho-social disabilities, cognitive or learning impairments); ii. qualified sign language and oral interpreters (useful in case of hearing impairments, speech disabilities);168 iii. relay services (useful in case of hearing impairments, speech disabilities);169 iv. tactile interpreters (useful in case of hearing or visual impairments).170 practical guidance and recommendations 1. provide support for communication and access to information through communication facilitators /intermediaries (see more about communication facilitators in bulgaria in section 6.1 below). 2. ensure that all communication support persons are able to interpret effectively, accurately and impartially, both receptively (i.e., understanding what 165 for instance, see: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/computer-aided-real-time-transcription-cart/ 166 for instance, see: https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/using-technology/using-computer/part-ii-experienced-computer-user-new-0 167 international commission of jurists, “the courts and covid-19” (5 may 2020), p. 5. 168 for instance, see: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/sign-language-interpreters/ 169 for instance, see: https://nationaldisabilitynavigator.org/ndnrc-materials/disability-guide/telecommunications-relay-service-2/ 170 for instance, see: https://wfdb.eu/interpretation/ 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 52 persons with disabilities are saying) and expressively (i.e. having the skill necessary to convey information back to those persons), while using any necessary specialized vocabulary (e.g. legal or medical) and respecting professional and ethical standards; 3. written information should be available in alternative formats: justice actors must ensure the elaboration of and provision of access to easy-to-read documents. a. ensure that information about court procedures, including notices that require a response or an action to be taken (e.g. summonses, subpoenas, writs, orders and sentences), is provided in accessible format.171 4. ensure adequate training on communication tools and methods for all justice professionals. a. ensure the language barrier is overcome through training of justice actors. good practice according to the australian disability access bench book, an easy way to avoid this language barrier is to avoid using legal terminology and to use instead concrete and plain language. for instance, the judges and legal representatives should use the verb “to follow” instead of the verb “to comply”. judges and legal practitioners should also explain particular terms and check during the hearing whether the defendant understands the meaning of specific words. 172 5. at all stages of the proceedings ensure that all court processes provide the technical and other support necessary for defendants with disabilities to use any form of communication as necessary for their full participation.173 these include: a. assistive listening systems and devices; 171 accessible formats include: sign language; video and audio guides; telephone line advice and referral services; accessible websites; induction loop, radio or infrared systems; closed captioning; braille; easy read and plain language; facilitated communication; and amplification devices and document magnifiers. 172 australian disability access bench book, available at disability access bench book (judicialcollege.vic.edu.au). 173 these include- assistive listening systems and devices; open, closed and real-time captioning, and closed caption decoders and devices; voice, text and video-based telecommunications products; videotext displays; computer-assisted real-time transcription; screen reader software, magnification software and optical readers; video description and secondary auditory programming devices that pick up audio feeds for television programmes. 05 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 53 b. open, closed and real-time captioning, and closed caption decoders and devices; c. voice, text and video-based telecommunications products; d. videotext displays; e. computer-assisted real-time transcription; f. screen reader software, magnification software and optical readers; g. video description and secondary auditory programming devices that pick up audio feeds for television programs. 6. provide communication support, including through third-parties, for example: a. note-takers; b. qualified sign language and oral interpreters; c. relay services; d. and tactile interpreters, where and when necessary. 7. provide justice professionals with communication tools to use in communication with persons with disabilities. for instance: a. the aac pictograms browser174 and an example of use.175 b. an example of a “communication board”176 c. easy to read guidelines177 d. how to write a social story178 and an example of use.179 174 aragonese center of augmentative and alternative communication (arasaac) website available at aac symbols and shared resources – arasaac; the augmentative and alternative systems of communication (aac) are ways of expression different from spoken language, that aim at increasing and/or compensating for the difficulties of communication and language of many people with disabilities. for instance, they can be used to better communicate with persons presenting cerebral palsy (cp), intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (asd), neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als), multiple sclerosis (ms) or parkinson’s disease, muscular dystrophies, traumatic brain injuries, aphasias. 175 ohchr, making sure people with disabilities get justice – easyread version of: international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, available at isl133 20 er un access to justice (ohchr.org). 176 access ability australia (aaa), communication board. workshops and meetings, available at city-of-mandurah-workshops-and-meetings-communication-board-v1.pdf (accessabilityaustralia.com); communication boards use symbols to share ideas, wants, needs, and thoughts, assisting individuals with communication challenges. they are typically used with persons with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum, learning disabilities, traumatic brain injuries, dementia, or deafness. 177 mencap, am i malking myself clear? mencap’s guidelines for accessible writing (2002) available at guidelines_for_accessible_writing.pdf (funding4sport.co.uk); for instance, they can be employed to communicate with people with intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, or autism spectrum. 178autism services, education, resources and training (asert) website, available at how to create a social story — paautism.org, an asert autism resource guide; social stories help people to react to social situations that amy be challenging like appearing in court, being detained or being arrested. they are typically used to communicate with people with autism spectrum.. 179 access ability australia (aaa), the capital. social story, available at a-visit-to-the-capital-social-story-v1.pdf (accessabilityaustralia.com). 04 implementing procedural rights for defendants with disabilities 54 good practices in bulgaria 06 good practices in bulgaria 55 a. communication facilitators in 2023, in bulgaria a training for communication facilitators (cf) was delivered to five speech and language therapists by background. the trainer was paula backen, who is a certified communication facilitator (justice intermediary) in england. supervision of real cases will also be provided as well as expert support from organisations implementing cf schemes in mexico and new zealand. the bulgarian experts are already part of the world cf map and will have the opportunity to gain and share experience globally. scope of work of the cf from a substantive point of view, the work of the cf could be successfully applied in different justice related areas involving communication with persons with specific communication needs. however, following predominantly the uk model, the bulgarian group of cfs were trained as experts for court trials and pre-trial proceedings. more specifically, this group of cfs were trained to work with adults in criminal cases, whether being witnesses, defendants or victims. without generalising, persons with specific communication needs may often be persons with a physical, intellectual or psychosocial disability. how cfs work the work of a cf as a specialist appointed to a case involves several stages: 1) assessment of the person’s communication skills and barriers of the justice system through the assessment, the cf checks the person’s narrative skills, comprehension of questions and other speech, attention parameters, and what types of resources will keep their attention and participation. those skills are assessed objectively, without being related in any way to the facts or other specifics of the case. 2) drafting a report with recommendations to the investigative authorities/court for effective communication with the person in a brief report, the cf shall describe the results of the assessment under item 1 and make recommendations to the appointing authority on how and where to communicate with the person for the communication to be effective. some guidance and accommodations for the communication are proposed, such as: speed and tone of delivery; simplifying the questions and vocabulary and grammar used; times and 06 good practices in bulgaria 56 breaks; orientation, time and distance related questions; level of literacy; additional support for narrating – technical, visual, presence of a support person (significant others, relatives); organisation of the physical space where the communication takes place – seating arrangements, lighting of the room, venue, etc. at the end of the report, the cf also makes a recommendation on whether or not the cf needs to be involved in future proceedings and to facilitate real-time communication. if the recommendation is that there is no need for further involvement of the cf, then it is considered that the guidance provided in the report for the communication with the person is sufficient for the authority to conduct a successful communication by themselves. 3) if necessary, the cf shall participate in the proceedings in real time and shall facilitate communication with the person the cf may have indicated in the report under item 2 that there was no need for his/her further involvement. however, the final decision rests with the appointing authority and they may decide that the cf is needed and should be involved. and vice-versa, if the cf recommends in their report that he/she should be involved in the proceedings, the appointing authority may decide that the guidance in the report is sufficient to continue with the communication by themselves and not involve the cf as a facilitator. basic principles of the cf work 1. consent – the initial assessment and further involvement of the cf in the proceedings is only done with the consent of the person. 2. impartiality – the cf considers only the communication needs of the person in the context of the particular case aimed at conducting effective communication between the person and the court/investigative authority. in this regard, cf: a) does not form/does not express an opinion on the case; b) is not a party to the proceedings and is not interested in the outcome of the proceedings; c) does not judge the act or the guilt of the person; d) does not evaluate the work of judges, lawyers, prosecutors; e) does not assess or take any view as to the person’s witness credibility or sanity/capacity to stand trial; 06 good practices in bulgaria 57 f) does not interpret the will of the person; g) does not represent the person; h) does not support the person in making decisions but help the person does so in terms of communication only; i) should not be a relative or otherwise closely related to the person; j) may not have any other professional relationship with the person, for example having worked or working with them in therapy. 3. individual approach – the recommendations that the cf makes in his/her report and the methods of work in the course of actual proceedings are strictly individual, tailored to the specific needs and features of the person’s communication, as well as to the specific context in which the communication takes place. 4. proportionality – the accommodations offered by the cf must be sufficient and tailored to the person’s circumstances to the degree these accommodations ensure effective participation during proceedings. 5. be achievable – the accommodations offered by the cf are feasible and proven to support communication for persons with specific communication needs. 6. confidentiality – cf shall maintain complete confidentiality of the information made known to him/her in this capacity. the cf may discuss cases he/she is working on with other cfs for the sole purpose of supervising the work and while maintaining the anonymity of the persons. what a communication facilitator is not what is a communication facilitator cf has no legal training nor does he/she take a position on legal matters. cf is a qualified speech and language therapist, expert in speech/language and communication skills and their disorders. the cf is familiar with basic legal concepts and procedural roles, as well as the general framework of trial 06 good practices in bulgaria 58 and pre-trial proceedings, but the cf is not a lawyer, nor does the cf form opinions or take positions on legal matters, including the legal evaluation of the facts of a case. cf is neither an expert witness nor an interpreter. cf is an expert who can assist the court and the investigative authorities in their communication with persons with communication difficulties or atypical communication, in real time and through recommendations to the authorities. the cf does not interpret the will and wishes of persons, nor does he/she support them in their decision making. the cf only provides accommodations to maximise understanding in communication between persons with communication difficulties or atypical communication and other participants in criminal proceedings. cf does not defend nor represent persons with communication needs. cf is an independent expert who, like expert witnesses and interpreters, may be appointed by the court or investigative authorities at the request of any of the parties to the proceedings. the guiding principle in the work of the cf is impartiality, and for that the cf should not be otherwise related to the persons, he/she is appointed to work with. cf does not assess the witness credibility or sanity/capacity to stand trial of persons. the work of the cf is limited to conducting effective communication with persons with communication 06 good practices in bulgaria 59 difficulties or atypical communication. the cf intervention allows such persons to participate in the process, which is their right, regardless of what the forensic experts have concluded about their witness credibility or sanity/capacity to stand trial. sometimes, after the involvement of cf, it becomes clear that such expertise is practically unnecessary, and that the problem is indeed at the level of communication. identifying a person with communication needs how may we know that a cf is needed in a case: • the person speaks unintelligibly, has difficulty articulating; • the person talks about issues unrelated to the questions; • his/her speech is slurred or incoherent; • difficulty to understand the questions is observed; • visible mental and/or physical discomfort (makes nervous repetitive body movements similar to tics or rituals, or other atypical gestures, specific phrases or words repeated extremely often, etc.); • the memories of what happened seem unreal, illogical, without clear consistency; • other atypical behaviours that clearly make it difficult to have effective communication with the person. the evidence of an existing medical diagnosis may be a guide to some specific needs of the person, however such needs may not necessarily relate to the person’s ability to communicate. accordingly, the absence of a diagnosis should not be decisive and should not automatically exclude the need for support in order to carry out communication. something important to be noted: some communication disorders may appear to be of a nature that affects the credibility of what is being said. but it might not be the case. 06 good practices in bulgaria 60 the cf could assist the process by distinguishing communication needs from other conditions, and could also recommend the involvement of other professionals. legal grounds on which cfs may be appointed the role of the cf is not explicitly regulated in the bulgarian legislation. however, this is not an obstacle to the appointment of cfs as supporting external independent experts when there is a need for this type of expertise. the following provisions could be used as legal grounds for the appointment of a cf in the proceedings (non-exhaustive list): • article 11 (non-discrimination), article 15 (2)(3) (for affording all procedural means necessary for the defence, explaining the rights and ensuring the possibility to exercise them), article 142 (concerning interpreters, by analogy) of the criminal procedure code (cpc); • article 67 (1) of the persons with disabilities act (pda) on the provision of all support measures necessary for effective access to justice; • article 13 (again on ensuring effective access to justice through the provision of procedural support measures at every stage of the proceedings) in conjunction with article 12 (full legal capacity of persons with disabilities) of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (crpd); • principle 3 of the international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities180: provision of procedural accommodations that, among others, should facilitate effective communication to ensure understanding of the rights, the documents on the case file and the participation in proceedings (e.g. use of augmentative and alternative communication methods, use of communication facilitators); as well as some specific ones: • article 55(5) of the cpc on the provision of information to defendants in a language and manner they understand, taking into account their specific needs; • article 74(4) of the moi act on the provision of information to detainees in a language and manner they understand, taking into account their specific needs; 180 international principles and guidelines on access to justice for persons with disabilities, adopted in 2020 by the un high commissioner for human rights: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/disability/sr_disability/goodpractices/access-to-justice-en.pdf 06 good practices in bulgaria 61 • article 106a of the moi act concerning the exercising of powers, informing on the actions taken and explaining the rights of persons and the use of an interpreter, sign language interpreter or other person in this regard (by analogy). how to contact a cf on this website https://communication-facilitators.bg/ you can find further information about the work of the cf, as well as a brief cv of the experts trained to carry out this work. in the ‘make a referral’ section you will find a form via which you can send a request for involving a cf in a particular proceeding. cf will contact you in due course. b. individual assessment on the social functioning and assessment of the needs for support in court proceedings in 2019-2022, several organizations in bulgaria (global initiative in psychiatry – sofia in partnership with the bulgarian center for not-for-profit law and the union of judges in bulgaria) worked on a project called “ex iure ad iustatium (from law to justice); principles for a fair trial for people with disabilities”.181 within this project, they created a set of assessments which to facilitate access to justice for persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities. one is on the “social functioning” of the persons, the other one is about the needs for support in court proceedings.182 initially, these tools were designated to serve three particular types of court proceedings: placements in residential care settings, forced psychiatric treatments and placements under guardianship. however, the specifics and needs they explore might be found relevant more broadly and the tools be applied successfully in other types of proceedings as well. a) individual assessment on the social functioning:183 this assessment is based on the understanding that social functioning is a set of fundamental social roles and the way a person performs them, including position of the person in social groups and interaction with group members.184 it aims at providing the court with a more realistic picture about the abilities of the person and available 181 the project was funded by the active citizens fund bulgaria under the european economic area financial mechanism 2014-2021. information about the project is available here: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=17 182 both documents are available in bulgarian at: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=52 183 the method is described in the handbook for the study of social functioning, available in bulgarian here: http://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/social-functioning-assessment-tools_v.pdf 184 handbook of assessment on social functioning, section ii, p. 6 -12. 06 good practices in bulgaria 62 resources for support rather than thinking of the person through a medical diagnose only. although the assessment was not designated for criminal justice cases, the information it tends to seek as well as the approach might be especially useful in establishing the real intent of the defendant towards the crime. b) assessment of the need for support in court proceedings:185 this assessment tends to provide the court with valuable insights on the difficulties persons with disabilities encounter in accessing justice, which may be directly or indirectly related to the disability. ultimately, it provides understanding of the barriers persons with disabilities face in enjoying their right to access to justice. the barriers are analyzed in each case individually and support measures are recommended accordingly. the assessment explores four main areas of support, as follows: • attitude of the person towards the court proceedings; • decision making support; • communication; • practical support for access to justice (logistical support). within these four areas procedural accommodations and other supporting measures are recommended such as: modifications of the proceedings in terms of duration, preparations, etc.; easy-to-read materials; auxiliary technical aids for communication; provision of services for supported decision making or other supporting social services, etc. how to involve an assessment in a trial global initiative in psychiatry – sofia is the organization experienced in delivering both of the above assessments. it is at the court’s discretion whether to engage the organization in delivering an assessment within trial. if a person with disability is involved however, procedural accommodations must be in place to ensure access to justice in line with art. 13 of the crpd. respectively, the court has the obligation to seek for any such expertise and eventually arrange for the provision of all necessary accommodations. 185 the matrix for assessing the need for support in court proceedings for persons with intellectual and mental health difficulties was delivered under the said project and is available in bulgarian language here: http://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/assesment-need-of-support_v.pdf 06 good practices in bulgaria 63 anyone being a party to the court proceedings, including persons with disabilities, could request for an assessment. note: it is to be noted that the communication facilitators scheme in section 6.1 has been developed quite recently and is newer comparing to the assessment of the needs for support in court proceedings, here in section 6.2. the communication facilitators scheme in a way build upon previous experience, yet we reckon all these tools to supplement one another positively. eventually, all these good practices create a bridge between justice and social systems and tend to make proceedings more inclusive and humane. 06 good practices in bulgaria 64 additional 07 additional 65 a. directory communication facilitators, bulgaria: informal cooperative of speech and language therapists trained as communication facilitators in criminal proceedings, described in details in section 6.1 above. website: https://communication-facilitators.bg/ global initiative in psychiatry – sofia, bulgaria, a ngo organization experienced in social and justice related work with persons with mental disabilities. in relation to access to justice, gip has created a template of and provide to courts individual assessments, as described in details in section 6.2 above. more about the assessments can be found at: https://equalrights.gip-sofia.org/?page_id=52 b. further readings the model disability rights bench book was drafted as part of the enable project using information and research from national partners in eight eu member states: bulgaria, the czech republic, lithuania, portugal, romania, slovakia, slovenia and spain. it sets out the international legal framework governing rights of defendants with disabilities and provides practical recommendations, aiming at improving access to justice and respect for the rights of persons with disabilities at all stages of criminal proceedings. the model bench book also served as a basis for the development of national bench books tailored to each jurisdiction, like this very one. find more about the model bench book here: (https://validity.ngo/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/enable-model-disability-benchbook-1.pdf) australian disability bench book offers very useful information about the type of generic accommodations which might be required for persons with various types of disabilities that might be especially useful when accommodations are needed for persons with multiple disabilities. this info could be included in further readings: https://www.judicialcollege.vic.edu.au/emanuals/dabb/index.htm#59310.htm see examples of benchbooks in the uk, in the us and in australia: uk’s equal treatment bench book available at equal treatment bench book (april 2023 revision) (judiciary.uk); adult court bench book and pronoucement bilder available at adult court bench book (may 2023) (judiciary.uk). bench book for us district court judges available at benchbook for u.s. district court judges, sixth edition (fjc.gov); military judge’s bench book available at jagcnet.army.mil/ebb/. australian disability access book available at disability access bench book (judicialcollege.vic.edu.au); national domestic and family violence bench book 07 additional 66 available at contents – national domestic and family violence bench book (aija.org.au). un disability inclusive language guidelines: https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/disability-inclusive-language-guidelines.pdf
