discrimination against roma children &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x/mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x/mc;&#xid 3; 00;according to international and domestic legal obligations, the hungarian state is obligated to take measures to ensure non-discrimination against children belonging to minority groups, in particular with regard to the removal of children from their home environment, as well as within the state child care system. according to the act xxxi of 1997 on the protection of children and the administration of guardianship (cpa), the removal of a child based exclusively on the impoverished material conditions or the indigent status of the family, is a violation of the law. instead, families that struggle due to insufficient financial resources should be assisted to take ?good enough? care of their children.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00; &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; recent data suggests that 30 % of children in foster care were removed from their families due to &#x/mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x/mc;&#xid 3; 00;poverty.&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00; &#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;roma families are disproportionately affected by this unlawful practice, as they are highly &#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 3; 00;2&#x /mc;&#xid 3;ऀ&#x /mc;&#xid 3;ऀoverrepresented among the poorest societal groups.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;�&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;� &#x /mc;&#xid 4;� 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4;� 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00; &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;in 2020,&#x/mc;&#xid 4; 00;&#x/mc;&#xid 4; 00; the ombudsman examined a state children?s homewhere 51% of the children in state &#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;3&#x /mc;&#xid 4;܀&#x /mc;&#xid 4;܀out-of-home care were removed from their families mainly or solely due to the poor living conditions&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4; 00; and &#x /mc;&#xid 4;	 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 4;	 00;financial hardships of their parents. in our experience, what this report describes is rather the norm than &#x /mc;&#xid 5;� 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;� 00;the exception when it comes to the state child care system and children?s homes.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00; &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; irrespective of the child&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;?&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;s removal from the family, the fact that roma families remain much more&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00; &#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;exposed to the risk of poverty than the rest of the population, gives cause for grave concern in itself, &#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;particularly in light of a very new report&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 00; &#x /mc;&#xid 5;	 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;	 00;assessing the detrimental effects of poverty on children&#x /mc;&#xid 6;� 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6;� 00;?&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;s health.&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00; &#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;4&#x /mc;&#xid 6;Ѐ&#x /mc;&#xid 6;Ѐaccording to this report, children born into poor families are systematically prone to having poorer health &#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;than those born into wealthy families. the reason behind this observation is not only the difference &#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;between the lifestyles of children already born, but also the differences noticeable in foetal development. &#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;infant mortality rates are more than twice as high in the poorest towns than in the most upscale cities. &#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;&#x /mc;&#xid 6; 00;children born in indigent families are more likely to be premature infants, born with a much lower the ombudsman examined the actions against &#x /mc;&#xid 1; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1; 0;maltreatment and abuse of children in various &#x /mc;&#xid 1;‚ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;‚ 0;care institutions&#x /mc;&#xid 1;ƒ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;ƒ 0; in several reports.&#x/mc;&#xid 1;„ 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 1;„ 0;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 1;ࡐ&#x /mc;&#xid 1;ࡐ19&#x /mc;&#xid 1;† 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;† 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;‡ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;‡ 0; &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 1;ˆ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;ˆ 0;hungary has made significant efforts in the field of the elimination of child sexual exploitation &#x /mc;&#xid 1;‰ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;‰ 0;and the protection and identification of victims, yet there are still regulatory and practical gaps, as well as &#x /mc;&#xid 1; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1; 0;controversies related to the issue. a recently published country overview&#x /mc;&#xid1;‘ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid1;‘ 0; on the sexual exploitation of &#x /mc;&#xid 1;’ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;’ 0;20&#x /mc;&#xid1;“ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid1;“ 0;children highlights the inefficiency of reporting procedures and protection systems. access to data and &#x /mc;&#xid 1;ी&#x /mc;&#xid 1;ीinformation are limited, and the coordination and cooperation between various governmental bodies and &#x /mc;&#xid 1;• 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;• 0;authorities are not ensured. children living in institutional care, and prior victims of child abuse, are at &#x /mc;&#xid 1;– 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;– 0;increased risk of falling victim to sexual exploitation. according to the statistics of the european union&#x /mc;&#xid 1;— 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;— 0;,&#x /mc;&#xid 1;˜ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;˜ 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 1;™ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 1;™ 0;21&#x /mc;&#xid 2;� 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;� 0;more than half of the identified hungarian victims of human trafficking are children. in the period &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;2015-16, out of 1310 registered child victims of trafficking in the eu, 647 were of hungarian &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;nationality.&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;as mentioned above, roma children are overrepresented in out-of-home care facilities, &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;22&#x /mc;&#xid2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2; 0;which puts them at greater risk of child trafficking, as well. in addition, while migrants (including &#x/mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 2; 0;refugees) are among the most vulnerable social groups to fall victim to trafficking,&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 2;	 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;	 0;efforts to combat &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;23&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;trafficking focus primarily on hungarian nationals, leaving many migrant victims (including children) &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;undetected.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;recommendations:&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;? eliminate all forms of discrimination of roma children in all settings, including education, and continue the work to further social and economic integration of the roma population, reduce direct and indirect school segregation of roma children, and actively promote roma participation in society, also through education. &#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2; 0;? develop a national action plan against the discrimination of roma children. develop a special protocol for professionals working in the child protection system, to prevent the structural discrimination of roma families.including that unaccompanied children between 14-18 years of age are excluded from the scope (and &#x/mc;&#xid 2;8 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 2;8 0;applicability) of the act on child protection (cpa). moreover, the amendment to the asylum act, that &#x /mc;&#xid 2;9 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;9 0;states that asylum applications may only be submitted in the transit zones,&#x /mc;&#xid 2;@ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;@ 0; where applicants are required &#x /mc;&#xid 2;A 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;A 0;25&#x /mc;&#xid2;B 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2;B 0;to stay for the duration of the asylum proceedings, and that unaccompanied asylum applicants over the &#x /mc;&#xid 2;C 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;C 0;age of 14 shall remain in the transit zones, while those under the age of 14 should be placed in a special &#x /mc;&#xid 2;D 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;D 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 2;E 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 2;E 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;F 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;F 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2;H 0;&#x /mc;&#xid2;H 0;recommendations:&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 2;Ґ&#x /mc;&#xid 2;Ґ? make measures to abandon the practice of corporal punishment of children and encourage non-violent forms of discipline.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;�&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;� &#x /mc;&#xid 2;P 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;P 0;? take measures to raise awareness of the prohibition of corporal punishment and other forms of violence against children.&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000;&#x /ac;&#xtual;&#xtext;&#x 000; &#x /mc;&#xid 2;Q 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 2;Q 0;? take measures to put in place child-sensitive mechanisms to facilitate and promote the reporting of cases and ensure that complaint mechanisms are child-friendly and available both online and offline, paying particular attention to alternative care settings, detention facilities and facilities for asylum-seeking, refugee and migrant children. ensure that cases are promptly recorded and investigated, and that perpetrators are prosecuted and duly sanctioned.m?sodik ?vtized?ben [statistical report on the status of child health in hungary in the second decade of the 21st &#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;century], institute of economics, centre for economic and regional studies, 2021.&#x /mc;&#xid5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0; commission staff working document: country report hungary 2020. accompanying the document, &#x /mc;&#xid 5;  0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;  0;5&#x /mc;&#xid 5;Ȑ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;Ȑcommunication from the commission to the european parliament, the european council, the european central &#x /mc;&#xid 5;" 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;" 0;bank, and the eurogroup 2020 european semester: assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and &#x /mc;&#xid 5;# 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;# 0;correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews under regulation (eu) no 1176/2011, &#x /mc;&#xid5;$ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid5;$ 0;https://op.europa.eu/s/oa4j&#x /mc;&#xid5;% 0;&#x /mc;&#xid5;% 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;& 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;& 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;' 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;' 0;mta (2020), a k?zoktat?s indik?torrendszere 2019, magyar tudom?nyos akad?mia, k?zgazdas?g- ?s region?lis &#x /mc;&#xid 5;( 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;( 0;6&#x /mc;&#xid 5;) 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;) 0;tudom?nyi kutat?k?zpont, k?zgazdas?g-tudom?nyi int?zet [the public education indicator system 2019, &#x/mc;&#xid 5;0 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 5;0 0;hungarian academy of sciences, economic and regional scientific research centre, economic sciences institute], &#x /mc;&#xid 5;1 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;1 0;https://www.mtakti.hu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/a_kozoktatas_indikatorrendszere_2019.pdf&#x /mc;&#xid 5;2 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;2 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;3 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;3 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;4 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;4 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 5;5 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;5 0; fundamental rights agency, eu-midis ii 2016, roma.&#x /mc;&#xid 5;6 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;6 0;7&#x /mc;&#xid 5;7 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;7 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;9 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;9 0; g?bor &#x /mc;&#xid 5;@ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;@ 0;kertesi – g?bor k?zdi (2016): opportunities of roma youth and the inequalities of the school system. mta &#x /mc;&#xid 5;A 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;A 0;8&#x /mc;&#xid 5;B 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;B 0;kti.&#x /mc;&#xid 5;C 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;C 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;D 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;D 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;E 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;E 0; https://www.romaeducationfund.org/a-victory-for-all-supreme-courts-decision-on-the-gy?ngy?spata-case/&#x /mc;&#xid 5;F 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;F 0;9&#x /mc;&#xid 5;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;Ҁ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;Ҁ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;I 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;I 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 5;P 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;P 0;article 59 (4) of the public education act provides that ? if the educational institution violates the child?s civil &#x /mc;&#xid 5;Q 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;Q 0;10&#x /mc;&#xid 5;R 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;R 0;rights in connection with education, the rules of the civil code concerning damages shall be applied by the court &#x /mc;&#xid 5;S 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;S 0;defining the damages as education and training services. the education and training service awarded by the court is &#x /mc;&#xid 5;T 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;T 0;provided by the infringer himself or as a purchased service?. &#x /mc;&#xid 5;U 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;U 0;&#x /mc;&#xid5;V 0;&#x /mc;&#xid5;V 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;W 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;W 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 5;X 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;X 0;see the open letter of the hungarian helsinki committee on their website: https://www.helsinki.hu/lepjen-fel-az-ombudsman-a-keszulo-jogi-getto-ellen/&#x /mc;&#xid 5;a 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;a 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;b 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;b 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;c 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;c 0; see the judgement of the appeals court of debrecen no. pf. i. 20.214/2020/10, 24 september 2020.&#x /mc;&#xid 5;d 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;d 0;12&#x /mc;&#xid 5;e 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;e 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;٠&#x /mc;&#xid 5;٠&#x /mc;&#xid 5;g 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;g 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 5;h 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;h 0;https://unicef.hu/igy-segitunk/hireink/ismerd-fel-es-tegyel-ellene-gyermekbantalmazas-elleni-kampanyt-inditott-az-unicef-magyarorszag&#x /mc;&#xid 5;q 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;q 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;r 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;r 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ܰ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ܰ &#x /mc;&#xid 5;t 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;t 0;https://unicef.hu/igy-segitunk/hireink/150-millio-gyereket-erint-az-iskolai-eroszak&#x /mc;&#xid 5;u 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;u 0;14&#x /mc;&#xid 5;v 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;v 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 5;w 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 5;w 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;x 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;x 0; see for example ajb 363/2017. case.&#x /mc;&#xid 5;y 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;y 0;15&#x /mc;&#xid 5;€ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;€ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;‚ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;‚ 0; https://unicef.hu/ezt-tesszuk-itthon/gyermekjogi-koalicio/iskolaorsegrol-szolo-allasfoglalas&#x/mc;&#xid 5;ƒ 0;&#x/mc;&#xid 5;ƒ 0;16&#x /mc;&#xid 5;„ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;„ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ࡐ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ࡐ&#x /mc;&#xid 5;† 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;† 0; v?rnai d. (2019): &#x /mc;&#xid 5;‡ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;‡ 0;?&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ˆ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;ˆ 0;kort?rsb?ntalmaz?s (bullying), internetes b?ntalmaz?s ?s vereked?s? [bullying, cyber-&#x /mc;&#xid 5;‰ 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5;‰ 0;17&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 5; 0;bullying and fighting], p. 127, diagram 10.1. in: n?meth ?., v?rnai d, eds. (2019): kamasz?letm?d in some countries, such as greece, hungary, romania and slovakia, the number of children in &#x /mc;&#xid 7;B 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;B 0;alternative care has increased by as much as 30%.&#x /mc;&#xid 7;C 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;C 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;D 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;D 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;E 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;E 0; supported research group of the hungarian academy of sciences.&#x /mc;&#xid 7;F 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;F 0;42&#x /mc;&#xid7;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid7;G 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;H 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;H 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;I 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;I 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 7;P 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;P 0;kelly p. (2021) digital technical tools, skills and competencies supporting teaching and learning. eepn, utrecht.&#x /mc;&#xid 7;Q 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;Q 0;43&#x /mc;&#xid 7;R 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;R 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;S 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;S 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;T 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;T 0; &#x /mc;&#xid 7;U 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;U 0;zolt?n maruzsa, deputy secretary of state, in 444.hu: &#x /mc;&#xid 7;V 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;V 0;?&#x /mc;&#xid 7;W 0;&#x /mc;&#xid 7;W 0;they work with the assumption that children who stay at
