Easy-to-Read about Validity

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phqwdo khdowk foqglwloq dqg  voflhw pdnhv wklqjv kdughu iou wkhp ehfdxvh lw wuhdwv wkhp gliihuhqwo $ phqwdo khdowk foqglwloq lv d phglfdo foqglwloq wo go zlwk  oxu plqg  koz ox ihho 6oph h[dpsohv oi phqwdo khdowk foqglwloqv duh  ghsuhvvloq  elsoodu glvoughu  vfkl]oskuhqld ,qwhoohfwxdo glvdelolwlhv duh dovo vophwlphv fdoohg ohduqlqj glvdelolwlhv 3hosoh zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolwlhv fdq go oowv oi gliihuhqw wklqjv :khq shosoh zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolwlhv duh fkloguhq wkh oiwhq ohduq wo go wklqjv dw gliihuhqw djhv wo owkhu fkloguhq :khq wkh duh dgxowv wkh fdq ilqg voph wklqjv kdug wo go 6oflhw oiwhq wuhdwv shosoh zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolwlhv gliihuhqwo :kdw gohv 9dolglw go” :khq zh vd zh ou oxu lq wklv gofxphqw zh duh wdonlqj deoxw 9dolglw 2xu jodo lv wo vwdqg xs iou doo shosoh wo jhw  htxdolw  lqfoxvloq  mxvwlfh (txdolw phdqv hyhuoqh jhwv wkh vdph fkdqfhv ,qfoxvloq phdqv hyhuoqh jhwv wo eh sduw oi wklqjv -xvwlfh phdqv wkh odz zounv lq d idlu zd :h zoun lq oowv oi gliihuhqw foxqwulhv lq  (xuosh  $iulfd 2xu oiilfhv duh lq  %xgdshvw lq +xqjdu  1dluoel lq .hqd +oz go zh zoun” 9dolglw xvhv wkh odz wo khos shosoh jhw wkhlu uljkwv :h zoun wojhwkhu zlwk owkhu shosoh  oujdqlvdwloqv olnh  odzhuv  oujdqlvdwloqv oi shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv  shosoh zko zoun iou kxpdq uljkwv +xpdq uljkwv duh uljkwv wkdw ehooqj wo hyhu shuvoq lq wkh zouog olnh  wkh uljkw wo eh wuhdwhg idluo  wkh uljkw wo olyh d joog olih 6oph oi wkh zdv zh go oxu zoun duh  olvwhqlqj wo shosoh zlwk glvdelolwlhv  olvwhqlqj wo oujdqlvdwloqv oi shuvoqv zlwk glvdelolwlhv  golqj uhvhdufk zklfk phdqv ilqglqj oxw lqioupdwloq  vshdnlqj oxw deoxw lpsouwdqw wklqjv vo shosoh nqoz zkdw lv kdsshqlqj  zounlqj oq fkdqjlqj odzv  vxssouwlqj owkhu oujdqlvdwloqv  shosoh wo ohduq koz wo go wklqjv 9dolglw dovo zounv dv d zdwfkgoj %hlqj d zdwfkgoj phdqv wkdw zh  zdwfk zkdw joyhuqphqwv  oujdqlvdwloqv duh golqj  pdnh vxuh zkdw wkh duh golqj o ioooozv wkh odz o lv hwklfdo (wklfdo phdqv golqj wklqjv lq d zd wkdw  lv uhvshfwixo  gohv qow kxuw shosoh :kdw duh wkh lvvxhv” 7kh pdlq lvvxhv 9dolglw zounv oq duh  glvfulplqdwloq  lqvwlwxwloqdolvdwloq  vhjuhjdwloq :h zloo h[sodlq zkdw wkhvh zougv phdq oq sdjhv  wo  ’lvfulplqdwloq ‘lvfulplqdwloq lv zkhq shosoh duh wuhdwhg xqidluo ehfdxvh oi vophwklqj olnh  kdylqj d glvdelolw  ehlqj d zopdq  wkhlu vnlq foooxu  qow kdylqj pxfk poqh 3hosoh zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo  svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv duh oiwhq glvfulplqdwhg djdlqvw )ou h[dpsoh fkloguhq zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolwlhv pd kdyh wo jo wo d gliihuhqw vfkooo $gxowv zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo glvdelolw duh oiwhq glvfulplqdwhg e  qow ehlqj deoh wo jhw d moe  qow ehlqj deoh wo olyh zkhuh wkh zdqw  ehlqj vwosshg iuop yowlqj ,qvwlwxwloqdolvdwloq 0dq shosoh zlwk lqwhoohfwxdo  svfkovofldo glvdelolwlhv vwloo kdyh wo olyh lq lqvwlwxwloqv ,qvwlwxwloqv duh zkhuh glvdeohg shosoh kdyh wo olyh wojhwkhu lqvwhdg oi zlwk wkhlu idplolhv ,qvwlwxwloqv xvxdoo kdyh oowv oi uxohv 3hosoh lq lqvwlwxwloqv go qow jhw d oow oi fkolfh deoxw wkhlu ozq olyhv 6hjuhjdwloq 6hjuhjdwloq lv zkhq glvdeohg shosoh duh  nhsw dsduw iuop owkhu shosoh  oqo dooozhg wo eh zlwk owkhu glvdeohg shosoh )ou h[dpsoh vhjuhjdwloq fdq eh  qow ehlqj deoh wo wdnh sduw lq dfwlylwlhv lq wkh foppxqlw  ehlqj nhsw dzd iuop owkhu shosoh lq d o kovslwdo o fduh koph o phqwdo khdowk xqlw :kdw go zh zdqw” 9dolglw zdqwv uljkwv iou shosoh 7klv sduw oi wkh gofxphqw wdonv deoxw voph oi wkh uljkwv zh dgyofdwh iou $gyofdwh phdqv wo vshdn xs deoxw lpsouwdqw wklqjv /hjdo fdsdflw /hjdo fdsdflw phdqv  ox fdq pdnh ghflvloqv deoxw oxu ozq olih  wkh odz uhfojqlvhv wkovh ghflvloqv 3hosoh kdyh wkh uljkw wo jhw vxssouw wo pdnh ghflvloqv li wkh qhhg lw :h kdyh d fdpsdljq deoxw ohjdo fdsdflw fdoohg ,¶p d shuvoq :h dgyofdwh iou doo shosoh wo eh deoh wo pdnh ghflvloqv deoxw wkhlu ozq olyhv /lylqj lq wkh foppxqlw 3hosoh kdyh wkh uljkw wo  olyh lq d foppxqlw  eh lqfoxghg lq wkh foppxqlw  kdyh wkh vxssouw vhuylfhv wkh qhhg :h wklqn wkdw shosoh vkoxog qow olyh lq lqvwlwxwloqv (yhuoqh kdv wkh uljkw wo fkoovh wkhlu ozq koph :h kdyh d fdpsdljq iou hyhuoqh wo jhw wkh vxssouw wkh qhhg lq wkh foppxqlw fdoohg 0 koph 0 fkolfh 5hdvoqdeoh dffoppogdwloqv 7o eh sduw oi wkhlu foppxqlw glvdeohg shosoh pd qhhg  vxssouw  wklqjv wo eh fkdqjhg olnh o udpsv lqvwhdg oi vwdluv o lqioupdwloq lq dffhvvleoh ioupdwv olnh (dv 5hdg ou %udlooh 7khvh duh fdoohg uhdvoqdeoh dffoppogdwloqv (yhuoqh vkoxog eh deoh wo xvh  sxeolf wudqvsouw olnh exvhv ou wudlqv  exloglqjv olnh oleudulhv ou joyhuqphqw oiilfhv ,qfoxvlyh hgxfdwloq (yhuoqh kdv wkh uljkw wo jo wo d pdlqvwuhdp vfkooo $ pdlqvwuhdp vfkooo lv d vfkooo wkdw hyhuoqh johv wo ,w lv qow d gliihuhqw vfkooo iou glvdeohg fkloguhq &kloguhq vkoxog jhw wkh vxssouw wkh qhhg dw vfkooo :h kdyh d fdpsdljq iou lqfoxvlyh hgxfdwloq fdoohg 6fkooov iou $oo :h wklqn doo fkloguhq vkoxog eh deoh wo  ohduq wojhwkhu  sod wojhwkhu $eoxw wkh 81&53’ 9dolglw uhvshfwv wkh 8qlwhg 1dwloqv &oqyhqwloq oq wkh 5ljkwv oi 3huvoqv zlwk ‘lvdelolwlhv 7kh 8qlwhg 1dwloqv &oqyhqwloq oq wkh 5ljkwv oi 3huvoqv zlwk ‘lvdelolwlhv lv d odz oowv oi foxqwulhv kdyh djuhhg wo 7kh 8qlwhg 1dwloqv &oqyhqwloq oq wkh 5ljkwv oi 3huvoqv zlwk ‘lvdelolwlhv lv dovo fdoohg wkh 81&53’ ,w vdv zkdw joyhuqphqwv pxvw go wo pdnh vxuh glvdeohg shosoh jhw wkh vdph uljkwv dv hyhueog hovh 6oph oi wkh pdlq lghdv lq wkh 81&53’ duh  shosoh jhw wo pdnh wkhlu ozq fkolfhv  glvfulplqdwloq lv qow dooozhg  hyhuoqh vkoxog kdyh htxdo fkdqfhv wo go wklqjv